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Hi, this is a blog that is a record of my career as a Japanese teacher. Please introduce this blog to your friends by showing the QR code below

Listen to my music playing: J. S. Bach, Unaccompanied Cello Suite No.3, Prelude on Electric Bass (4.22MB)
We have already learned two “Wa-ga construction” sentences. Their predicates are Na-adjectives “Sukina” and “Jouzuna”. Today we are going to learn a “Wa-ga construction” in which a verb is used for predicate.
1. Watashi wa Nihongo ga Wakarimasu. (I understand Japanese.)
The sentence 1 is of Wa-ga construction. Usually “Wa-ga construction” is explained as follows;
[Topic] wa [Subject] ga [Predicate].
However, the sentence 1 seems to be;
[Subject] wa [Object] ga [Verb predicate]
Compare the following sentence with the sentence 1 above;
2. Watashi wa Nihongo o Benkyoushimasu. (I study Japanese.)
The verbs “understand” and “study” in English are in most cases transitive verbs. So, can you say two verbs “Wakarimasu” and “Benkyoushimasu” are both transitive verbs, and “ga” is also object marker as “o”?
The verb “Wakarimasu” is not a transitive verb but an intransitive verb. “Wakarimasu” doesn’t use particle “o” but uses “ga” for the object. Probably it is not enough to say “Wakarimasu is an intransitive verb” for the reason why Wakarimasu uses “ga” for its object. The explanation would not be easy. I just recommend you to remember the example sentence like 1, and to be able to use the expression “[Something] ga Wakarimasu”. But if I say something about “ga Wakarimasu”, it would be that the verb “Wakarimasu” contains the meaning of “possible”. As to the meaning of Wakarimasu, it is usually said to be like “understand” in English, but think it can also be like “can tell”. If you want to say you can do something, you will put emphasis on what you can do. In Japanese, if you want to identify an object, in the cases below, “ga” is used for that object.
– you want (~ga hoshiidesu.)
– you like (~ga sukidesu.)
– you are good at(~ga jouzudesu.)
– you understand(~ga wakarimasu.) — Today’s expression
– you have(~ga arimasu.)
– you can(~ga dekimasu.)
Wakarimasu, arimasu, and dekimasu are verbs. But they are in some extent stative. If the verb is actionable, and the verb is a transitive verb or is a mobile intransitive verb, do not forget the following basics;
[Subject] ga [object] o [Verb] masu.
And know that “Wa-ga construction” is not versatile any time.
Practice and remember “Wa-ga construction” sentences through the following conversations.
A : Satou-san wa Eigo ga Wakarimasuka. (Do you understand English?)
B : Hai, Watashi wa Eigo ga Wakarimasu. (Yes, I understand English.)
<この投稿は“スリーエーネットワーク、みんなの日本語 初級I 第2版, 第9課A3”の内容を参照しています。>
This time is also about “Wa-ga construction”. We learned one of “Wa-ga construction” sentences that uses Na-adjective “Sukina” as the following.
1. Watashi wa Ryokou ga Sukidesu. (I like traveling.)
Today’s “Wa-ga construction” sentence uses also Na-adjective which is “Jouzuna”. Jouzuna means “be good at”. Note that adjectives are word that express state and/or nature.
Some of Japanese learners like “Wa-ga construction” very much because its structure shapes the meaning. Structural thing is also important in Japanese, but the functions of particles are also important. Thanks to the functions of particle, Japanese sentences have freedom for the order of words in some extent. If you stick to “Wa-ga construction” too much, you would not be able to learn the functions that each particle has. The very basic of Japanese is that particle “ga” is for subject, “o” for object. “Wa-ga construction” is out of this basic. Since damage caused by sticking to “Wa-ga construction” is severe, I will continue to explain this problem.
Today we are learning a Na-adjective “Jouzuna” which means “be good at”. Practice and remember the following conversations. Note that neither A or B are Sato-san.
A : Satou-san wa Nani ga Jouzudesuka. (What is Sato-san good at doing?)
B : Satou-san wa Ryouli ga Jouzudesu. (She is good at cooking.)
<この投稿は“スリーエーネットワーク、みんなの日本語 初級I 第2版, 第9課A2”の内容を参照しています。>
Yesterday was a tough day. Today, I looked around and felt this house was too big just for me. And I am not willing to cook well because who eats my meal is me only.
Yesterday, my mother was hospitalized. She was diagnosed to have a cerebral infarction.
I found something was wrong three days ago. In the supper, she could not drink well grape juice. In order to prevent aspiration, we have cheers of fruits juice at the beginning of supper every night to make her throat smooth. But she couldn’t do the series of motion; touching her lip to the glass, tilting the glass, and sipping juice. It seemed that she couldn’t use her mouth for opening, chewing, and swallowing. I became suspicious of cerebral infarction, so I told her to wave her both hands. It seemed to me, both hands moved evenly. In retrospect, this could have affected my decision about her condition.
The following day was two days ago. It was obvious that she couldn’t eat breakfast well. I thought I needed to take her to a clinic. On that day, Thursday, two of three clinics in my village open only in morning hours, and close in the afternoon. I totally regret that I didn’t take her to one of two, where we take medical checks every year. In the afternoon, I told her that I was going to take her to the clinic that was only one clinic opening on Thursday afternoon. But she refused. She said she didn’t want to catch influenza by going to the place where many sick people were, and said she just wanted to sleep. I said her body might be cold in the next morning, but still, she didn’t want to go to the clinic.
And, yesterday. Her right-hand holing chopsticks were shaking in breakfast. She couldn’t swallow meal and said those foods were not tasty. She also realized that something terribly wrong herself. When I said to her that we were leaving our house, she was arranging flowers. Because there were a lot of flowers in the house because the seventh-year commemoration of my deceased father has just recently passed. Such her action made me think that she was still okay, but in fact, she was not okay.
The doctor in the clinic told us to go see a neurosurgery specialist immediately. He didn’t write a letter of introduction nor ask any medical treatment fee. The doctor suggested two neurosurgery clinics nearby (though several miles away from my village). I made a phone call to one of them, and made an appointment at 1 p.m. Since I don’t have a car, we went to there by taxi.
In the second clinic, MRI test started at 1:30. The neurosurgeon called us at around 2p.m. What he showed us was cross-section images of my mother’s brain. In the center, but on right side, there was a small bright area. He said that she got a cerebral infarction. And He also said he was going to call on an ambulance car to move her to the large hospital. I quickly paid the fee of 4,930 JPY (approx.32USD), and got on the ambulance in which my mother has already been laid on the transport bed.
The ambulance got to the large hospital before 3 in the afternoon. While she was getting treatments, I had to sign on a lot of paper. After that, I am not sure what time was it, I went to her bedside. She was conscious, able to speak though very slowly, laying on the hospital bed. Still, I needed to do paperwork for her hospitalization. And there were a lot of questions on paper which only my mother could answer. I asked her, she answered to me, and I fill the blanks on questionnaire. And then her supper was brought to the table on her bed. I told her to eat well, because she didn’t eat well in the morning, and had eaten nothing since then. Time was already 7p.m., I left the large hospital, took a bus for JR Niigata station, and got on a local train.
I found breakfast remain on the table when I got my home. There were one of two quarter-size toasts, omelet, and Natto (fermented soy beans) on the plate. I ate the toast, but threw omelet and Natto to the garbage. Then, I needed to cook my supper. But I didn’t want to cook.
“I am not willing to cook well just only for me”. This was what I thought last night and in this morning. There is someone who eats my cooking, therefore I want to cook. Hospitalization of my mother has just started, and it will take many weeks or even months until she comes back my home. Although my cooking is not good Japanese cuisine, I want to cook meals for my mother again.
It has been a tough day.
This Japanese learning series refer to the famous textbook “Minna no Nihongo”. On its chapter 9, the so-called “Wa-ga construction” is introduced. And this is also the first appearance of important particle “ga” in “Minna no Nihongo”. Actually, I don’t think it is good to introduce the particle “ga” through “Wa-ga construction”.
Probably a Japanese learner would think the particles “wa” and “ga” can co-exist once having learned “Wa-ga construction”. And some of learners would stick to “Wa-ga construction” too much, while they wouldn’t learn the functions of particles.
A Japanese teacher is supposed to explain “Wa-ga construction” as below;
1. [Topic]+wa+ [Subject]+ga+[Predicate].
Sometime, it is good to understand like 1, but sometime is not. For the latter, it seems like;
2. [Subject]+wa+ [Object]+ga+[Predicate].
Do you remember the structure of transitive verb predicate sentences?
3. [Subject]+wa+[Object]+o+ [Transitive verb].
When you look at 2 and 3, what do you think about the particles “ga” and “o”? Would you think that the particles “ga” and “o” are interchangeable? No. Most of the time, they are not interchangeable, though there are some exceptions.
But it is a fact that there are sentences like 2. Therefore, some textbooks explain that particle “ga” is for subject and object, which is really a bad explanation because subject and object are totally different kind in a sentence. The most important and basic thing in Japanese language is that particle “ga” is for subject (Subject marker). Remember this. Don’t say “ga” is for object. It is particle “o” that marks an object. But when you want to identify something as an object that;
– you want
– you like
– you are good at
– you understand
– you have
– you can
particle “ga” is used for such an object, and the sentence would be like 2.
Again, you need to know that “ga” is for subject. For example, sentences as below are common.
4. [Subject]+ga+[Object]+o+ [Transitive verb].
But as exceptions, “ga” is used for objects that is something special you want to identify.
Today we are learning a Na-adjective “Sukina” which means “like”. Practice and remember the following conversations;
A : Satou-san wa Nani ga Sukidesuka. (Sato-san, what do you like?)
B : Watashi wa Ryokou ga Sukidesu. (I like traveling.)
<この投稿は“スリーエーネットワーク、みんなの日本語 初級I 第2版, 第9課A1”の内容を参照しています。>
We have already learned two functions of I- and Na-adjectives
1. Adjective as a predicate.
– Satou-san wa Shinsetsu desu. — Na-adjective (Ms. Sato is kind.)
– Satou-san wa Yasashii desu. — I-adjective (Ms. Sato is kind.)
2. Adjective to modify a noun
– Satou-san wa Shinsetsuna Hito desu. — Na-adjective (Ms. Sato is a kind person.)
– Satou-san wa Yasashii Hito desu. — I-adjective (Ms. Sato is a kind person.)
As shown in 2 above, when Na-adjective modifies a noun, “na” is used to connect a noun;
3. Shinsen + na + Sakana : Fresh fish
4. Oishi + i + Sakana : Delicious fish
Do you remember that when a noun modifies another noun, how the two nouns are connected?
5. Umi + no + Sakana : Sea fish
If you say “Shinsen no Sakana”, it’s not completely wrong because Na-adjectives came from the combination of noun and auxiliary verb. But you should use “na” between a Na-adjective and a noun.
If you say “Oishii no Sakana”, it is completely wrong. You need to know the difference between the two;
– [Noun1] + no + [Noun2]
– [I-Adjective] + i + [Noun]
Practice and remember the following conversation.
A : Oosaka wa Donna Machi desuka. (What kind of city is Osaka?)
B : Oosaka wa Ookii Machidesu. (Osaka is a big city.)
A : Ja, Kyouto wa Donna Machi desuka. (Well, then, what kind of city is Kyoto?)
B : Kyouto wa Furui Machi desu. (Kyoto is an old city.)
<この投稿は“スリーエーネットワーク、みんなの日本語 初級I 第2版, 第8課A3”の内容を参照しています。>
To begin with, the followings are answers of quiz on February 21.
Quiz: Make “present-negative” endings;
example: Iidesu. (is good) => Yokunaidesu. (is not good)
Q1: Atarashiidesu. (is new) => Atarashikunaidesu. (is not new)
Q2: Oishiidesu. (is tasty) => Oishikunaidesu. (is not tasty)
Q3: Omoshiroidesu. (is interesting) => Omoshirokunaidesu. (is not interesting)
Q4: Takaidesu. (is expensive/tall/high) => Takakunaidesu. (is not so expensive)
Q5: Kireidesu (is beautiful/clean) => Kirei dewa arimasen / Kirei ja arimasen (is not beautiful)
Q1 to Q4 are I-adjectives, and Q5 “Kirei” is a Na-adjective.
So far, we have learned how to use I- adjectives and Na-adjectives as the predicate of a sentence. In addition, there is another major use of an adjective. Look at the followings;
– The sky is blue. — Predicative use of adjective
– I saw a blue sky. — Restrictive use of adjective
Similar things happen for Japanese adjectives.
1. Sora wa Aoi desu. — Adjective as a predicate
2. Watashi wa Aoi Sora o Mimasihta. — Adjective to modify a noun
Where;
– Sora: noun; sky
– Aoi: I-adjective; blue
The sentence 2 is a sentence of transitive verb predicate. Its structure is as follows;
[Subject] + [Object] + [Transitive verb]
= [Watashi]wa + [Aoi Sora]o + [Mi] mashita.
You see, in the object “Aoi Sora”, that adjective “Aoi” modifies noun “Sora”. Note that a modifying word (adjective) is placed in front of a modified word (noun) like “blue sky”.
Now, it’s about time to tell you definitions of Na-adjective and I-adjective. Look at the examples of these adjectives that modify nouns.
3. Shizuka + na + Kouen : Quiet park
4. Atarashi + i + Kouen : New park
Na-adjective uses “na” to modify a noun as in 3.
I- adjective uses “i” to modify a noun as in 4.
Let us continue to learn use of adjectives as modifiers for nouns tomorrow.
<この投稿は“スリーエーネットワーク、みんなの日本語 初級I 第2版, 第8課A3”の内容を参照しています。>

It’s my supper last night. I cannot get this quality of Sushi in my hometown. Now I’m in somewhere in Kanto plane where Japan’s capital is located.

So the second day’s sun has already set. I’m going to eat my supper with white wine 😋


I’m in somewhere near Tokyo. I haven’t brought my personal computer. Probably I’ll be back in Niigata on Tuesday.
Anwers for yesterday’s quiz;
Q1: Ii (good) —– I- adjective
Q2: Genki (healthy and energetic) —– Na- adjective
Q3: Shizuka(quiet) —– Na- adjective
Q4: Atarashii (new) —– I- adjective
Q5: Oishii (tasty) —– I- adjective
Q6: Yuumei (famous) —– Na- adjective
Q7: Omoshiroi (interesting) —– I- adjective
Q8: Shinsetsu (kind) —– Na- adjective
Q9: Takai (expensive/tall/high) —– I- adjective
Q10: Kirei (beautiful/clean) —– Na- adjective
I hope that you answered correctly for Q10.
Let us review four patterns of adjective predicate sentences;
<1> Na-adjective predicate for present positive; (“desu”)
– Kono Kouen wa Kirei desu. (This park is beautiful.)
<2> Na-adjective predicate for present negative; (“dewa arimasen”)
– Kono Kouen wa Kirei dewa arimasen. (This park is not beautiful.)
“dewa” is quite often shortened to be “ja”, especially for conversation. “Ja” sounds a little casual, while “dewa” sounds polite.
<3> I-adjective predicate for present positive; (“desu”)
– Kono Kouen wa Atarashii desu. (This park is new.)
<4> I-adjective predicate for present negative; (“-kunai desu”)
– Kono Kouen wa Atarashikunai desu. (This park is not new.)
For this <4>, an I-adjective and negative word “nai” is connected.
example: Atarashii + nai => Atarashikunai
The example shows that the last character “i” turns to be “ku”. When a word conjugates, the end part of the word changes according to the following word. But usually, it is so difficult for Japanese learners to accept this change. They don’t want to change the end part of an I-adjective that is “i”, and end up saying “Atarashii dewa naidesu”, which is wrong.
So what is most important for today is to make an I-adjective predicate “-kunaidesu” correctly for present negative.
By the way, as for I-adjective “Ii”, a special change happens to make it “-kunaidesu”.
Ii (good) —– positive predicate : Iidesu. => negative : Yokunaidesu.
Simply put “Ii” came from “Yoi”. Both mean good. When “Ii” conjugates, the first letter “I-” returns to be “Yo-”.
Quiz: Make “present-negative” endings;
example: Iidesu. (is good) => Yokunaidesu. (is not good)
Q1: Atarashiidesu. (is new) => ??? (is not new)
Q2: Oishiidesu. (is tasty) => ??? (is not tasty)
Q3: Omoshiroidesu. (is interesting) => ??? (is not interesting)
Q4: Takaidesu. (is expensive/tall/high) => ??? (is not so expensive)
Q5: Kireidesu (is beautiful/clean) => ??? (is not beautiful)
Answers will probably be shown on Wednesday. <この投稿は“スリーエーネットワーク、みんなの日本語 初級I 第2版, 第8課A2”の内容を参照しています(昨日と同じです)。>