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We have learned so far declarative sentences only. They are “A is B.” and “C does D.” kinds of sentences. Today, we are going to learn one of imperative sentences. There are several types of imperative sentences such as order, request, suggestion, and so on. Today’s sentence is to make a suggestion to do something together.
1. Isshoni [Verb phrase] masenka.
Example; Isshoni Koube e Ikimasenka. (Shall we go to Kobe together?)
Where;
– Isshoni: adverb; together
– Koube: noun; name of the city of Kobe
“Ikimasenka” seems to be just an interrogative expression of negative form. But with adverb “Isshoni”, this is to make a suggestion to the listener. When it comes to suggestion using negative form, there is an expression “Why don’t we do it” in English. However, a suggestion using “V+masenka” is polite expression.
Practice the followings that are using “V+masenka.” to make a suggestion to do something together.
2. Isshoni Yuugohan o Tabemasenka.
(Let’s eat dinner together.)
3. Isshoni Sakkaa o Shimasenka. (Let’s play soccer.)
4. Isshoni Depaato e Ikimasenka. (Shall we go to a department store together?)
When someone said a suggestion to you with “Isshoni V+masenka.”, there would be two types of answer; “Yes, let’s do that.” or “I don’t want to do that right now”. Let us learn these two answers tomorrow.
<この投稿は“スリーエーネットワーク、みんなの日本語 初級I 第2版, 第6課A4”の内容を参照しています。>
We have already learned one of functions of particle “de”. That function was to indicate what means of transportation is used when making movement. An example of conversation using “de” is as follows;
A: Satou-san wa Nani de Kaisha e Ikimasuka. (Ms. Sato, how do you get to the company?)
B: Watashi wa Chikatetsu de Kaisha e Ikimasu. (I go to the company by subway.)
Another function of “de” is introduced today.
1. [Subject] wa [Place] de [Object] o [Transitive Verb] masu.
Example : Watashi wa Depaato de Kasa o Kaimashita.
Where;
Depaato: noun; a department store
Kasa: noun; umbrella
Kaimasu: transitive verb; buy
In this sentence, the sentence ending “masu” turned to be “mashita”. Let’s have a quick review for sentence ending of a verb predicate sentence:
– Present-Positive ; masu.
– Present-Negative ; masen.
– Past-Positive ; mashita.
– Past-Negative ; masendeshita.
Therefore, “Kaimashita” means “bought”.
Practice and remember the following conversation;
A: Satou-san wa Doko de Kasa o Kaimashitaka. (Ms.Sato, where did you buy the umbrella?)
B: Watashi wa Kombini de Kasa o Kaimashita. (I bought the umbrella at a convenience store.)
<この投稿は“スリーエーネットワーク、みんなの日本語 初級I 第2版, 第6課A3”の内容を参照しています。>
Yesterday, we learned verb predicate sentences that use transitive verbs and the particle “o”. A transitive verb expresses an action that exerts its effect onto an object directly. And the particle “o”, as the object marker, is attached to just behind the object. So, the sentence construction is as below;
1. [Subject] wa [Object] o [Transitive verb] masu.
example; Watashi wa Ocha o Nomi masu.
Where;
– Ocha: noun; tea
– Nomimasu: transitive verb; drink
Note that the order of words is different from transitive verb sentence of English.
English: [Subject] [Transitive Verb] [Object] — SVO
Japanese: [Subject wa] [Object o] [Transitive Verb] — SOV
How can we make a transitive verb sentence an interrogative sentence?
(1) Yes-No question
Put “ka” at the end of the sentence;
A : Satou-san wa Ocha o Nomi masuka. (Ms. Sato, do you drink tea?)
B : Hai, watashi wa Ocha o Nomi masu. (Yes, I drink tea.)
(2) Asking what the object is;
A : Satou-san wa Nani o Nomi masuka. (Ms. Sato, what do you drink?)
B : Watashi wa Mizu o Nomi masu. (I drink water.)
(3) Asking what the action is;
A : Satou-san wa Nani o Shimasuka. (Ms. Sato, what are you going to do?)
B : Watashi wa Koh’hii o Nomi masu. (I am going to drink a cup of coffee.)
In (3), the question uses verb “Shimasu”. Shimasu is a verb similar to the verb “do” in English. And most of the time “Shimasu” functions as a transitive verb, although occasionally it can be an intransitive verb (such a case will be explained later). It is interesting that even if the answer could use an intransitive verb, the question is “Nani o Shimasuka” which is obviously phrase of object and transitive verb. An example is as below
A : Satou-san wa Nani o Shimasuka. (Ms. Sato, what are you going to do?)
B : Watashi wa Gakko e Ikimasu. (I am going to the school.)
The verb “Ikimasu” is an intransitive verb.
<この投稿は“スリーエーネットワーク、みんなの日本語 初級I 第2版, 第6課A1とA2”の内容を参照しています。>
First of all, quiz answers come first.
Q1: “Ni” should not be used for “senshuu”;
Senshuu, Hataraki mashita. (Last week, I worked.)
Q2: “Ni” should be used for “hachi-ji Juugo-fun”;
Hachi-ji Juu go-fun ni, Gakkou e Ikimasu. (I go to the school at eight fifteen.)
These days, we are studying “verb predicate sentences”. When you use a verb for the predicate, you need to choose the ending correctly. The ending is not “desu-type” but “masu-type”. The masu-type sentence ending has four variations;
– Present-positive => [verb] masu.
– Present-negative => [verb] masen.
– Past-positive => [verb] mashita.
– Past-negative => [verb] masen deshita.
The above four patterns are for predicate with politeness. Actually, verbs have more patterns not only for predicate but also for other usages for passive, hypothetical, modifying phrases, and so on. In other words, a verb conjugates. We won’t learn conjugations of verbs today, but I want you to know that verb conjugations are big issues in Japanese language.
Today’s main theme is introductions of transitive verbs and particle “o”. When an action works directly onto something (an object), the action is described by a transitive verb. And the object of the transitive verb needs to be marked with particle “o”.
The construction of a transitive verb sentence is as follows;
[Subject] wa [Object] o [Transitive verb] masu.
example: Watashi wa Yuugohan o Tabemasu. (I eat supper.)
Where;
– Yuugohan: noun; supper
– Tabemasu: transitive verb; eat
When you learn Japanese, you need to have a clear image of intransitive verb or transitive verb. Refer to the illustration below about the difference between intransitive verbs and transitive verbs.
Example:
Intransitive verb sentence; Watashi wa Gakkou e Ikimasu. (I go to the school.)
Transitive verb sentence; Watashi wa Yuugohan o Tabemasu. (I eat supper.)
We have already learned the Particle “ni” as a marker for time (on a clock) of action as below;
A : Satou-san wa Maiasa Nan-ji ni okimasuka. (Ms. Sato, what time do you get up every morning?)
B : Watashi wa Maiasa Shichi-ji ni okimasu. (I get up at seven every morning.)
Now the function is expanded so that “ni” would be the maker not only for time but also for when action is taken place.
A : Satou-san wa Itsu Kuni e Kaerimasuka. (Ms. Sato, when are you going back your home country?)
B : Watashi wa Hachi-gatsu Juu roku-nichi ni Kuni e Kaerimasu. (I am going back my country on August 16th.)
Where;
– Kuni: noun; country, but in this case, home country or home town region
– Kaerimasu: verb; go back
Note that when asking time, the interrogative word is “Nan-ji”, but when asking when, the word “Itsu” is used.
Now look at two sentences below;
1. Watashi wa Ku-gatsu Juu shichi-nichi ni Toukyou e Ikimasu.
2. Watashi wa Ashita Toukyou e Ikimasu.
In the sentence 1, The date “Ku-gatsu Juu shichi-nichi (September 17th )” is followed by the particle “ni. On the other, in the sentence 2, the word for when “Ashita is not followed by “ni”. Therefore, there is a difference between the sentences 1 and 2, about whether or not to use the particle “ni”
As to using “ni” or not right after the word for time or when the action is taken, apply the following rule. But this rule is not a strict one, so take it as a rough guideline. “The word” means that it is time or when the action is taken (e.g. ten thirty, tomorrow…and so on);
– The word is relative to “NOW”, then do not use “ni”.
example; Kinou(yesterday), Ashita(tomorrow), Raishuu(next week)
– The word specifies a certain time, then use “ni”.
example; Gogo Go-ji ni (at 5p.m.), Suiyoubi ni (on Wednesday), Juu-gatsu Juu Hachi-nichi ni (on October 18th)
Quiz: Answer if “ni” is used or not used. The answers will be shown tomorrow.
Q1: Senshuu (with or without ni?), Hataraki mashita. (Last week, I worked.)
Q2: Hachi-ji Juu go-fun (with or without ni?) Gakkou e Ikimasu. (I go to the school at eight fifteen.)
<この投稿は“スリーエーネットワーク、みんなの日本語 初級I 第2版, 第5課A4”の内容を参照しています。>
The particle “to” has already been introduced as the particle that parallelizes two nouns in the form of “[Noun1] to [Noun2]” as “1” below.
1. right : ringo to mikan (an apple and a Mandarin orange)
2. wrong : yasui to oishii (reasonable and tasty)
3. wrong : hashiru to oyogu (run and swim)
“2” and “3” above are wrong. The particle “to” cannot parallelize neither two adjectives nor two verbs. But today’s new function of “to” is to be used for a verb. Of course it’s not to say two verbs parallelly. today’s new function of “to” is to indicate who acts with you when you make action in the following form;
4. [Person] to [Verb].
example: Watashi wa Suzuki-san to Kombini e Ikimashita. (I went to a convenience store with Mr. Suzuki)
Where;
– Watashi: pronoun; I
– wa: particle; topic marker, and in this case also subject marker
– Suzuki-san: noun; a major family name of Japanese.
– to: particle; indicates who acts together with the subject
– Kombini: noun; a convenience store
– e: particle; the reaching point of the action
– Ikimashita: verb in form of past-positive; went
When you ask “With whom did you go there together?”, the interrogative word is “Dare”.
Practice and remember the following conversation.
A: Sato-san wa Dare to Depaato e Ikimashitaka. (Ms.Sato, with whom did you go to the department store?)
B: Watashi wa Suzuki-san to Depaato e Ikimashita. (I went to the department store with Mr. Suzuki.)
– Depaato: noun; a department store
<この投稿は“スリーエーネットワーク、みんなの日本語 初級I 第2版, 第5課A3”の内容を参照しています。>
Here is a new particle to learn. It is “de”. We are going to learn one of its functions, which is to indicate what means of transportation is used when making movement. Since the particle “de” has many functions, do not stick to today’s function only. Other functions will be introduced later.
There are several means of transportation such as a car, bus, taxi, train, subway, boat, ferry, airplane, but let us use one of these, subway.
Chikatetsu : noun ; Subway, underground railway
Then, today’s sentence construction is as follows;
[Subject] wa [Means of transportation] de [Destination] e [verb meaning move].
Example: Watashi wa Chikatetsu de Kaisha e Ikimasu.
Where;
– Watashi: pronoun; I
– wa: particle; topic marker, and in this case also subject marker
– Chikatetsu : noun ; Subway, underground railway
– de: particle; in this case, functions to indicate means of transportation
– Kaisha: noun; company
– e: particle; the reaching point of the action
– Ikimasu: verb in form of present-positive; go
When you ask “How do you get there?”, the interrogative word “Nan” or “Nani” is used. Many Japanese textbooks are using “Nan”. But if you say “Nan de Ikimasuka?”, there could be two renditions;
– Which means of transportation do you use to get there?
– Why are you going there?
So, I like “Nani” better in order to avoid double-meaning.
Practice and remember the following conversation.
A: Sato-san wa Nani de Kaisha e Ikimasuka. (Ms.Sato, how do you get to the company?)
B: Watashi wa Chikatetsu de Kaisha e Ikimasu. (I go to the company by subway.)
<この投稿は“スリーエーネットワーク、みんなの日本語 初級I 第2版, 第5課A2”の内容を参照しています。>
Answers of yesterday’s Quiz :
example; Watashi wa Mainichi Hataraki masu. (I work every day.)
=> Non-past x Positive
1. Ashita, Watashi wa Hataraki masu. (I will work tomorrow.)
=> Non-past x Positive
2. Watashi wa Do-youbi Hataraki masen. (I don’t work on Saturday.)
=> Non-past x Negative
3. Watashi wa Kinou Hataraki masen deshita. (I didn’t work yesterday.)
=> Past x Negative
4. Kinou Watashi wa Hataraki mashita. (I worked yesterday.)
=> Past x Positive
Then let’s start today’s learning. There is a particle to indicate the reaching point of the action. It is similar to the preposition “to” in English. But Japanese particles are postpositions, the particle “e” is put behind a noun which means a place. The sentence construction is as below;
[Subject] wa [noun meaning a place] e [verb meaning move].
example : Watashi wa Kaisha e Iki masu.
Where;
– Watashi: pronoun; I
– wa: particle; topic marker, and in this case also subject marker
– Kaisha: noun; company (with nuance of a place)
– e: particle; the reaching point of the action
– Ikimasu: verb in form of present-positive; go
One thing you need to know is that the pronunciation of particle “e” is “e”, but its spelling is “he: へ”. So for writing, do not use “e: え”.
Let me introduce a just one noun;
Kombini: noun; a convenience store
Practice and remember the following conversation.
A: Sato-san wa Doko e Ikimasuka. (Ms.Sato, where are you going?)
B: Watashi wa Kombini e Ikimasu. (I am going to a convenience store.)
In addition, we learned four patterns of verb predicates yesterday. Four patterns are based on combinations of non-past/past tenses and positive/negative. As a review of yesterday, read carefully the followings:
– Kyou, Watashi wa Kombini e Ikimasu. (Today, I am going to a convenience store.)
=> Non-past x Positive
– Kyou, Watashi wa Kombini e Ikimasen. (Today, I am not going to a convenience store.)
=> Non-past x Negative
– Kinou, Watashi wa Kombini e Ikimashita. (Yesterday, I went to a convenience store.)
=> Past x Positive
– Kinou, Watashi wa Kombini e Ikimasen deshita. (Yesterday, I didn’t go to a convenience store.)
=> Past x Negative
<この投稿は“スリーエーネットワーク、みんなの日本語 初級I 第2版, 第5課A1”の内容を参照しています。”In addition”以下の内容は第4課A7です。>
We learned yesterday there were two patterns of verb predicates.
[Verb] masu : Non-past tense
[Verb] mashita : Past tense
So, two patterns above come from the difference of tense. If we consider other two patterns which come from if the sentence is positive or negative, we need to use four patterns correctly.
Let us use the verb “Hataraki masu” for the example, which means “work”.
– Non-past x Positive: Hataraki masu. (work/will work)
– Non-past x Negative: Hataraki masen. (don’t work/will not work)
– Past x Positive: Hataraki masita. (worked)
– Past x Negative: Hataraki masendeshita. (didn’t work)
Quizzes: Think about what pattern a sentence is in terms of non-past/past tenses and positive/negative.
example; Watashi wa Mainichi Hataraki masu => Non-past x Positive
1. Ashita, Watashi wa Hataraki masu.
2. Watashi wa Do-youbi Hataraki masen.
3. Watashi wa Kinou Hataraki masen deshita.
4. Kinou Watashi wa Hataraki mashita.
Answers will be shown tomorrow.
<この投稿は“スリーエーネットワーク、みんなの日本語 初級I 第2版, 第4課A7”の内容を参照しています。>
First of all, we need to review yesterday’s quiz.
A. Watashi wa Getsu-youbi kara Kin-youbi made Hataraki masu.
B. Watashi wa Kin-youbi ni Hataraki masu.
Q1: Which of sentences A or B says “My work ends on Friday”?
A1: The sentence A says “My work ends on Friday”, because the particle “made” is to indicate the ending time of continuous action.
Q2: Which of A or B says “I work on Friday”?
A2: The sentence B says “I work on Friday” because the particle “ni” is to indicate the time of action.
And let’s review about “Verb predicate sentences”. Its ending of a sentence is different from “Noun predicate sentences” as below;
“Verb predicate” => [verb] masu. ; example : Hataraki masu.
“Noun predicate” => [noun] desu. ; example : Shigoto desu.
What we are going to learn today is to use properly “masu” and its past tense “mashita”. Two days ago, I wrote there were other two important things about Japanese verbs. One of two is that a verb conjugates by changing the ending part of the verb. Conjugation patterns are many, and the change between “masu” and “mashita” is one of conjugations.
Just remember the simple things below
[Verb] masu : Non-past tense
[Verb] mashita : Past tense
Actually, the issue is not so simple, because “Non-past” is adopted for both present and future, and as for “Past”, in many times it’s better to call it the perfect tense rather than the past tense. But we are still on the early stage to learn Japanese verbs, let’s make it dichotomy of non-past or past, for simplicity.
In order to learn to use verbs in non-past and past tense, words describing time are necessary.
– Mainichi: every day
– Ashita: tomorrow
– Kinou: yesterday
Practice and remember the following three sentences;
1. Watashi wa Mainichi Hataraki masu: non-past (present); (I work every day.)
2. Watashi wa Ashita Hataraki masu: non-past (future); (I will work tomorrow.)
3. Watashi wa Kinou Hataraki mashita: past; (I worked yesterday.)
<この投稿は“スリーエーネットワーク、みんなの日本語 初級I 第2版, 第4課A6”の内容を参照しています。>
Agony or Fun?! Second Language Learning 