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Japanese Learning (A2 S35): Hypothetical Sentence using Conditional Form of a Verb; [V-ba], [Main Clause].

[Subordinate Clause], [Main Clause].

= [Hypothetical Clause], [Conclusion].

= [ — + (V-ba)], [What will happen if hypothesis come true].

1. Kusuri o Nomeba, Kaze ga Naori masu. (If you take a medicine, the cold will be cured.)

2. Kita-kaze ga Fukeba, Suzushiku Nari masu. (If the north wind blows, it will get cooler.)

3. Shitsumon ga Areba, Watashi ni Kiite kudasai. (If you have a question, please ask me.)

Let us look at the sentence 2. The hypothetical clause is “Kita-kaze ga Fukeba,” and the conclusion is “Suzushiku Nari masu.” Is this conclusion expected or unexpected from the hypothetical clause? I should say I am sorry for the people in southern hemisphere, but in the northern hemisphere, the north wind is cool (or even cold), and the south wind is warm (or hot). Therefore, the conclusion is expected from the hypothesis.

Do you remember that there are two types of connections between two clauses. One is “So-therefore type”, and the other is “But-however type”, which we have learned in the section 25.

<This post is incomplete>

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This post was written with reference to the exercise A2 on Section35 of “Minna no Nihongo (2nd Edition)” published by “3A Corporation”

Japanese Learning (A1 S35): Conditional Form; V+ba, I-adj+kereba, Na-adj+nara, and Noun+nara

Today, we are learning another new conjugation pattern, which is conditional form. When it comes to conjugation patterns, conjugations of verbs are usually the main objectives. However, conditional forms of I-adjectives, Na-adjectives, and Nouns are also dealt with this time. These are necessary when making a hypothetical sentence. Although some examples of hypothetical sentences will be introduced in A2 through A6 in the section 35, let me show you where the conditional forms are used in a hypothetical sentence;

[Hypothetical Clause], [Main Clause].

= [ — + (Conditional Form)], [What will happen if hypothesis comes true].

(1) Verbs

The following examples are shown in the order of Dictionary form, Masu-form, and Conditional form.

<Group 2 Verbs>

Miru / Mimasu (see, watch, look at) — Mireba

Taberu / Tabemasu (eat) — Tabereba

<Group 3 Verbs>

Kuru / Kimasu (come) — Kureba

Suru / Shimasu (do) — Sureba

<Group1 Verbs>

Gr1-W : Tsukau / Tsukaimasu (use) — Tsukaeba

Gr-K : Hataraku / Hatarakimasu (work) — Hatarakeba

Gr1-G : Isogu / Isogimasu (hurry up) — Isogeba

Gr1-S : Naosu / Naoshimasu (repair, correct) — Naoseba

Gr1-T : Matsu / Machimasu (wait for) — Mateba

Gr1-B : Yobu / Yobimasu (call) — Yobeba

Gr1-M : Yomu / Yomimasu (read) — Yomeba

Gr1-R : Hashiru / Hashirimasu (run) — Hashireba

(2) I-adjectives

The following examples are shown in the order of Noun-modifying form and Conditional form.

Yasui — Yasukereba

Oishii — Oishikereba

Ii — Yokereba

(3) Na-adjectives

The following examples are shown in the order of Noun-modifying form and Conditional form.

Kireina — Kireinara

Taisetsuna — Taisetsunara

(4) Nouns

The following examples are shown in the order of Noun and Conditional form of it.

Ame — Amenara

Shigoto — Shigotonara

You may have found by looking at the above, there are two types of conditional forms;

– Verbs, I-adjectives => — + ba

– Na-adjectives, Nouns => — + nara

However, there are some textbooks that introduce “[I-adjective] + nara” even though the book is for beginners’ level. “I-adj+kereba” and “Na-adj+nara” for conditional forms are very fundamental and are what is written in the textbooks for junior high school students.

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This post was written with reference to the exercise A1 on Section35 of “Minna no Nihongo (2nd Edition)” published by “3A Corporation”

I Found Worms on Persimmon Tree Again

But this time, the numbers were many, probably there were more than several hundreds of worms on my persimmon tree “Koyo”.

Last time I was stung by them, so I think I have been avoiding getting closer to the tree. But I should have been watching the tree carefully. If I have I found them earlier, the tree would have got less damage.

I cut many leaves and branches. It might be better to use pesticides.

Japanese Learning (A4 S34) : I don’t do A, but do B; [V1-nai] + de, [V2] masu.

Sorry, I haven’t written this post yet.

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This post was written with reference to the exercise A4 on Section34 of “Minna no Nihongo (2nd Edition)” published by “3A Corporation”

Japanese Learning (A3 S34) : Saying an Accompanying Action to the Predicate Verb; [V1-te] + [V2] masu. / [V1-naide] + [V2] masu.

The sentence constructions introduced in the section 34 are all verb clauses which modify the predicate verb behind, in other words, which work as adverbials for the main clause.

[Subordinate Clause], [Main Clause]

= [Verb clause modifies the predicate verb], [Predicate verb clause].

= [Verb clause works as an Adverbial], [Predicate verb clause]

In today’s A3, there is no comma “,” (to be exact, 読点 “､”) between the subordinate clause and the main clause. But it is the same as other A1, A2, and A4 in respect that the first verb modifies the second verb.

(1) Accompanying Action to the Predicate Verb

[V1-te] + [V2] masu.

1. Kaban o Motte Dekake masu. (I go outside with (holding) my bag.)

The subordinate clause “Kaban o Motte” is the accompanying action to the predicate verb “Dekakemasu”.

2. Eakon o Tsukete Ne masu. (I sleep with (turning) the air-conditioner on.)

The subordinate clause “Eakon o Tsukete” is the accompanying action to the predicate verb “Nemasu.”

(2) Action that doesn’t accompany to the action of the predicate verb

[V1-naide] + [V] masu.

3. Kaban o Motanaide Dekake masu. (I go outside without (holding) my bag.)

Sometimes people say “Kaban o Motazuni” for this sentence 3.

4. Eakon o Tsukenaide Ne masu. (I sleep without (turning) the air-conditioner on.)

Sometimes people say “Eakon o Tsukezuni” for this sentence 4.

Today’s sentence constructions don’t have comma. Probably it’s because it has to have a difference from tomorrow’s sentence construction.

5. Sumaho o Motanaide Machi ni Dekake mashita. (I went to the town without holding my smart phone.) <= today’s

6. Ie ni inaide, Machi ni Dekake mashita. (I didn’t stay at home, but went out to the town.) <= tomorrow’s

The sentence 5 doesn’t have a comma but the 6 does. Can you tell the difference of nuance between the two?

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This post was written with reference to the exercise A3 on Section34 of “Minna no Nihongo (2nd Edition)” published by “3A Corporation”

Japanese Learning (A2 S34) : After I did something A, I do something B; [V1-ta] ato de [V2] masu. / [N] no ato de [V] masu.

Today’s sentence construction can be compared with what we learned in the exercise A5 of the section 18.

A5 S18

1. [V1-dic] mae ni, [V2] masu.

Example; Neru mae ni, Ha o Migaki masu. (Before I go to bed, I brush my teeth.)

A2 S34 (of today)

2. [V1-ta] ato de [V2] masu.

Example; Ha o Migaita ato de, Nemasu. (After I brushed my teeth, I go to bed.)

Comparing the two examples, you will find the following differences;

– The verb in subordinate clause and main clause have swapped.

– The verb in front of “mae” takes dictionary form, while the verb in front of “ato” takes Ta-form.

– The particles after “mae” is “-ni”, while the particle after “ato” is “-de”.

Note that the dictionary form works as future tense for most of the verbs, and the Ta-form works as perfect tense. The particle “-ni” is about direction toward, and “-de” is about restriction, although the functions of these two particles are not limited to these simple definitions.

The followings are example sentence of today’s sentence construction “[V1-ta] ato de [V2] masu.”

3. Kimatsu-shiken ga Owatta ato de, Inaka ni Kaerimasu. (After the final examinations ended, I am going back to my hometown.)

In 3, the subject in the subordinate clause is “Kimatsu-shiken”. Although the subject in the main clause is “Watashi”, it is not explicitly mentioned in the main clause.

4. Satou-san no Happyou o Kiita ato de, Shitsumon Shi masita. (After listening to Sato-san’s presentation, I asked her a question.)

Instead of a verb in Ta-form, sometimes “[Noun] no” is used in front of “ato de”;

5. Undou no ato de, Shawa’a o Abi masu. (After worked out, I take a shower.)

6. Jugyou no ato de, Toshokan e Iki mashita. (After the class, I went to the library.)

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This post was written with reference to the exercise A2 on Section34 of “Minna no Nihongo (2nd Edition)” published by “3A Corporation”

V1-dic, V2-dic　→　V1-taり、V2-taり (たりたり構文の練習)

飲む、食べる　→　飲んだり、食べたり      

見る、聞く　→　見たり、聞いたり

行く、来る　→　行ったり、来たり             

書く、話す　→　書いたり、話したり　

歩く、走る　→　歩いたり、走ったり          

切る、貼る　→　切ったり、貼ったり

開ける、閉じる → 開けたり、閉じたり      

上げる、下ろす　→　上げたり、下ろしたり

歌う、踊る　→　歌ったり、踊ったり          

煮る、焼く　→　煮たり、焼いたり

作る、壊す　→　作ったり、壊したり          

脱ぐ、着る　→　脱いだり、着たり

押す、引く　→　押したり、引いたり          

言う、言わない　→　言ったり、言わなかったり

見る、見ない　→　見たり、見なかったり   

動く、止まる　→　動いたり、止まったり

掃除する、買い物する　→　掃除したり、買い物したり

教える、教えられる　→　教えたり、教えられたり

つく、消える　→　ついたり、消えたり      

つける、消す　→　つけたり、消したり

出る、入る　→　出たり、入ったり             

入れる、出す　→　入れたり、出したり

寝る、起きる　→　寝たり、起きたり          

登る、降りる　→　登ったり、降りたり

晴れる、曇る　→　晴れたり、曇ったり      

増える、減る　→　増えたり、減ったり

もらう、あげる　→　もらったり、あげたり

泣く、笑う　→　泣いたり、笑ったり

このブログは、基本的には英語だけで書く方針ですが、今日は何にも用意ができていないし、時間もないので、例外的に日本語でアップします。ある学生を指導するときに作ったメモから載せていますので、網羅的ではないと思います。

Japanese Learning (A1 S34)-2 : I did something as indicated; [V1-ta] to’ori ni [V2] mashita. / [N] no to’ori ni [V] mashita.

What is important in the exercise 1 of the section 34 is to learn that a clause “to’ori ni” functions as an adverbial of the verb in the main clause. Yesterday we learned a sentence construction whose main clause is to ask other people to do something.

1. [V1-ta] to’ori ni, [V2-te] kudasai.

Example; Watashi ga Kaita to’ori ni, Kaite kudasai. (Please write as I have written.)

Today’s sentences are a little simpler than yesterday’s, which is to say I did something as I saw other people did.

2. Haha ga Yatta to’ori ni, Yari mashita. (I did it as my mother did.)

3. Piano no Sensei ni Naratta to’ori ni, Hiki mashita. (I played as learned from the piano teacher.)

Not only “[V-ta] + to’ori ni”, but sometime “Noun no to’ori ni” is also used like yesterday.

4. Manyuaru no to’ori ni Kikai o Ugokashi mashita. (I operated the machine as the manual.)

Where, Manyuaru (Ma-nyu-a-ru) is a Katakana word which came from “manual”. Ugokasu/Ugokashimasu is a transitive verb of Gr1-S.

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This post was written with reference to the exercise A1 on Section34 of “Minna no Nihongo (2nd Edition)” published by “3A Corporation”