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すみませんが、これも後日、中身を書くことにしようと思っています。
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This post was written with reference to the exercise A2 of Section45 in “Minna no Nihongo (2nd Edition)” published by “3A Corporation”
Actually, I wanted to take pictures of Iide mountains with snow on the top. But the sky was not so clear today.
Last time, we have learned how to use the conjunctive particle “-noni,” when it is used with subordinate clause whose predicate is a verb in Ta-form or Dictionary form. “-noni,” is used for contrast connections between a subordinate clause and a main clause. And “-noni,” is not just a functional word as a conjunctive particle, by using it, the sentence will have a modality to express that unexpected thing, complaint, and/or disappointment.
In this post, we are going to learn also how to use the conjunctive particle “-noni,”. But this time, the predicates of a subordinate clause is an I-adjective, a Na-adjective, or a Noun. The followings show how to connect these predicates to “-noni,”
(1) — [Stem of I-adj]+ i + noni, [Main Clause].
(2) — [Stem of Na-adj] + na + noni, [Main Clause].
(3) — [Noun] + na + noni, [Main Clause].
Let’s take a look at example sentences of (1) to (3).
1. Kono Supo’otsu Kurabu wa Kaihi ga Takai noni, Eigyou-Jikan ga Mijikai desu.
(Even though this sport club charges high, opening hours are short.)
“Takai” is an I-adjective, therefore it connects to “-noni,” like “Takai noni,”. This sentence, of course, mentions a complaint about short opening hours despite of high fee.
2. Kono Eiga wa Omoshirokunai noni, San-jikan mo Tsudzuki masu.
(Even though this movie isn’t so interesting, it takes three hours.)
The word for nigation “-nai” takes the same conjugation pattern as I-adjectives*. As an I-adjective connects to “-noni,” with “i”, “-nai” also connects to “-noni,” with “i”.
3. Kono Hoteru no Sotogawa wa Kireina noni, Naka wa Kitanai desu.
(This hotel looks beautiful outside, but the inside is dirty.)
Note that “Kirei” is not an I-adjective, but a Na-adjective “Kireina”. Its spelling is Kire<i> but the pronunciation is Kire<e>.
4. Mayonaka na noni, Dareka ga Denwa o Kakete ki mashita.
(Even though it’s middle of the night, someone called me.)
This is an example of “[Noun]+na+noni,”and shows a similarity to Na-adjectives.
When it comes to the connections to “-noni”, the following holds true for verbs and I-adjectives;
– Verbs and I-adjectives : [Short Ending style] + noni.
But for Na-adjectives and Nouns, “Kirei+da+noni, -” and “Mayonaka+da+noni,-” are hardly used. “Kirei+na+noni, -” and “Mayonaka+na+noni,-” should be treated as the right way.
*Usually the same, but you can find a difference between “-nai” and “I-adjectives” in the following sentences;
<I-adj> Omoshiro+soudesu. (It seems interesting) — [Stem]+soudesu
<-nai> Omoshiroku nasa+soudesu. (It doesn’t seem interesting.) — [na]+ sa + soudesu
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This post was written with reference to the exercise A2 of Section45 in “Minna no Nihongo (2nd Edition)” published by “3A Corporation”
It is important to learn some complex sentence structures consisting of two clauses.
– [Subordinate Clause] + [FW], [Main Clause].
where, [FW] means functional words that are placed at the end of the subordinate clause and works to bring the main clause up.
Just before, we have learned the following sentences in the exercise A1 of the section 45.
– [Subordinate Clause] + ba’ai wa, [Main Clause].
This sentence in A1 has the following two features:
(1) It uses a noun “ba’ai” and the particle “-wa” as the functional word.
(2) The main clause mentions a thing that can be expected from the subordinate clause.
On the other, today’s sentences in the exercise A2 are;
– [Subordinate Clause] + noni, [Main Clause].
and have two features that are different from the sentences of A1.
(3) It uses a conjunctive particle “-noni,” as the functional word.
(4) The main clause mentions a thing that contrasts from the subordinate clause.
And “contrast” is important when dealing with conjunctive particles. Some conjunctive particles are used to array clauses parallelly. But most time, you need to be aware of a conjunctive particle that you are looking now is whether for direct or contrast connections between the subordinate clause and the main clause. When it comes to the conjunctive particles for contrast, we have already learned two;
<1>“-ga,” in the section 8
Example: Kono Resutoran no Tabemono wa Takai desuga, Oishikunai desu.
(Although foods in this restaurant are expensive, they are not tasty.)
If prices of foods in a restaurant are high, you would expect that the foods are delicious. But an unexpected thing happens. The subordinate clause starting with “Kono -” and the main clause with “Oishikunai – ” shows a contrast. “-ga,” is a conjunctive particle for contrast.
<2> “-temo,” in the section 25
Example: Ame ga Futtemo, Dekake masu.
(Even if it rains, I will go out.)
If it’s a job or duty, you have to go out of house even under the rainfall. But in general, people want to stay at home when it rains. “-temo,” is a conjunctive particle for contrast.
As well as “-ga,” and “-temo,”, the conjunctive particle “-noni,” is also a kind of contrasting. But not just making a contrasting connection, “-noni,” expresses a little bit of modality. In this regard, calling “-noni,” a functional word may be insufficient. Using “-noni,” for contrasting connection, you can express a feeling when something against expectation had happened, or a feeling that you are disappointed.
1. Gita’a o Isshou-Kemmei Renshuu-Shita noni, Minna no Mae de Umaku Hikemasen desshita. (Even though I had practiced a guitar hard, I couldn’t play it well in front of people.)
This sentence expresses his/her lamenting with use of “-noni”. Note that the connection between the verb “Suru/Shimasu” and “-noni,” is done with the Ta-form of “Suru/Shimasu”, which is “Shita”.
2. Mou Ichi-jikan mo Matte iru noni, Basu ga Kimasen. (Even though I have been waiting for one hour, no bus has come.)
You want to say a complaint if having been waiting for a bus for one hour. Note that the connection to “-noni,” seems to be done with a dictionary form “iru”, but it may be better to think it as “[V-te]+iru+noni,”.
Since using “-noni,” brings up a little modality of against-expectation, complaint, and disappointment, the main clause may have a tendency to be a negative comment as seen in the sentence 1 and 2.
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This post was written with reference to the exercise A2 of Section45 in “Minna no Nihongo (2nd Edition)” published by “3A Corporation”
1. Oyu ga Nurui Ba’ai wa, Furonto ni Itte kudasai. (If the hot water is not worm, tell it to the reception.)
2. Kopi’i-youshi ga Hitsuyouna Ba’ai wa, Jimushitsu ni Tori ni Itte kudasai. (If you need paper for photocopy, go getting it to the office.)
3. Shisetsu ga Teikyu’ubi no Ba’ai wa, Renraku-Shite kudasai. (If the facility is day-off, please contact to me.)
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This post was written with reference to the exercise A1 of Section45 in “Minna no Nihongo (2nd Edition)” published by “3A Corporation”
At the last half of beginner’s level, it is important to learn the complex sentence structure that consists of two clauses as below;
[Subordinate Clause], [Main Clause].
In this sentence structure, a functional word is used at the end of the subordinate clause in order to continue the sentence to the main clause. The typical functional words for this are conjunctive particles like “-to,”, “-ba,”, “-tara,”, “-nara,”, and so on. But not only these conjunctive particles, some nouns are also used for the end of a subordinate clause.
– A5 in the section 18; “-mae+ni,”
– A1 to A3 in the section 23; “-toki,”
– A1 in the section 34; “-to’ori+ni,”
– A2 in the section 34; “-ato+de,”
– A1 in the section 45; “-ba’ai+wa,”
These “mae”, “toki”, “to’ori”, “ato”, and “ba’ai” are all nouns, and function to connect a subordinate clause to the main clause with particles in most cases. Since they are nouns, the words placed in front of them take certain forms as shown below;
– [Verb] + [Noun]
Verbs need to be one of Dictionary form, Nai-form, Ta-form, and V-nakatta.
-[I-adjective] + [Noun]
I-adjectives need to be the following form; [Stem of I-adj] + i + [Noun]
-[Na-adjective] + [Noun]
Na-adjectives need to be the following form; [Stem of Na-adj] + na + [Noun]
-[Noun] + [Noun]
Nouns need to be placed in front of other nouns using “no” in between; [Noun] + no + [Noun]
Now we are going to learn one of such noun-connections between subordinate- and main clauses. It’s “ba’ai wa”. This post introduces sentences using “verbs” and ba’ai wa” only. Those sentences using I-adjectives, Na-adjectives and Nouns are introduced separately in another post. When it comes to the main clause, A1 S45 shows “Renraku-Shite kudasai” only. However, this “Renraku-Shite kudasai” can be replaced with many expressions as shown in the exercise B1. Therefore, this post adopts the notation of “[V-te] kudasai.” for the main clause.
1. Yakusoku no Jikan ni Okureru ba’ai wa Renraku-Shite kudasai.
(If you are going to be late for the appointed time, please let me know.)
“Okureru” is a verb in dictionary form. Note that a verb in dictionary form is most of the time in future tense. Therefore, an incident to be late has not happened yet. To-be-late is expected to happen near future. This is the reason to use dictionary form “Okureru” in this sentence.
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This post was written with reference to the exercise A1 of Section45 in “Minna no Nihongo (2nd Edition)” published by “3A Corporation”
