カテゴリー: やさしい　にほんご

V1-dic, V2-dic　→　V1-taり、V2-taり (たりたり構文の練習)

飲む、食べる　→　飲んだり、食べたり      

見る、聞く　→　見たり、聞いたり

行く、来る　→　行ったり、来たり             

書く、話す　→　書いたり、話したり　

歩く、走る　→　歩いたり、走ったり          

切る、貼る　→　切ったり、貼ったり

開ける、閉じる → 開けたり、閉じたり      

上げる、下ろす　→　上げたり、下ろしたり

歌う、踊る　→　歌ったり、踊ったり          

煮る、焼く　→　煮たり、焼いたり

作る、壊す　→　作ったり、壊したり          

脱ぐ、着る　→　脱いだり、着たり

押す、引く　→　押したり、引いたり          

言う、言わない　→　言ったり、言わなかったり

見る、見ない　→　見たり、見なかったり   

動く、止まる　→　動いたり、止まったり

掃除する、買い物する　→　掃除したり、買い物したり

教える、教えられる　→　教えたり、教えられたり

つく、消える　→　ついたり、消えたり      

つける、消す　→　つけたり、消したり

出る、入る　→　出たり、入ったり             

入れる、出す　→　入れたり、出したり

寝る、起きる　→　寝たり、起きたり          

登る、降りる　→　登ったり、降りたり

晴れる、曇る　→　晴れたり、曇ったり      

増える、減る　→　増えたり、減ったり

もらう、あげる　→　もらったり、あげたり

泣く、笑う　→　泣いたり、笑ったり

このブログは、基本的には英語だけで書く方針ですが、今日は何にも用意ができていないし、時間もないので、例外的に日本語でアップします。ある学生を指導するときに作ったメモから載せていますので、網羅的ではないと思います。

Japanese Learning (A1 S34)-2 : I did something as indicated; [V1-ta] to’ori ni [V2] mashita. / [N] no to’ori ni [V] mashita.

<I don’t have time to write a post about Japanese learning tonight. >

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This post was written with reference to the exercise A1 on Section34 of “Minna no Nihongo (2nd Edition)” published by “3A Corporation”

Japanese Learning (A1 S34)-1 : Please Do as indicated; [V1-ta] to’ori ni [V2-te] kudasai. / [N] no to’ori ni [V-te] kudasai.

Today we are going to learn a sentence construction shown below;

1. [V1-ta] to’ori ni, [V2-te] kudasai.

As you see in the 1, the subordinate clause uses “to’ori ni”. Apparently, “to’ori ni” is a compound word consisting of a noun “to’ori” and a particle “ni”. We can predict two things from these two words;

(1) A verb placed in front of “to’ori” needs to take forms that can connect to a noun behind because “to’ori” is a noun. There are four forms for a verb to connect to a noun; Dictionary form, Nai-form, Ta-form, and V-nakatta. But this time, only Ta-form is used.

(2) A clause with “to’ori ni” at the end modifies a verb behind, because a word with “ni” works as an adverbial.

As for the main clause, we have already learned “[V-te] kudasai.” in the exercise A2 of the section 14, as an expression to ask a listener to do something.

< This post is incomplete. >

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This post was written with reference to the exercise A1 on Section34 of “Minna no Nihongo (2nd Edition)” published by “3A Corporation”

Japanese Learning (A6 S33): Politely Asking Someone to Convey your Message; [Message] to Tsutaete Itadake masenka.

Suppose that someone does something for you. You describe the act in a sentence whose subject is “Watashi (I)”. The sentence will be “(Watashi wa) V-te morau”. Then, how do you ask when you want someone to do something for you,? Considering that the potential form of “morau” is “moraeru”, you may say “V-te morae masenka.” for “please do it for me.” Technically, “V-te morae masenka” is a kind of polite expression (丁寧語) but this doesn’t sound polite enough for native Japanese speaker, actually. Probably that is the reason for young people these days to say “V-te morattemo Iidesuka.” which they think is more polite than “V-te morae masenka.” I personally don’t like the expression “V-te morattemo Ii desuka.” because it doesn’t sound polite on the contrary to their intentions. Then how can we make “V-te morae masenka” more polite, or in other words, how can it be turned into humble language? The answer has already been introduced in the exercise A5 in the section 26. By changing the verb from “morau” to its humble alternative “itadaku”, you can ask as below;

1. “V-te itadake masenka”

  (where, the potential form of “itadaku” is “itadakeru”)

Today’s sentence construction uses a verb “Tsutaeru/Tsutaemasu” which means “conveying a message”. Therefore when you want someone to convey your message to a third person, you can say;

2. Tsutaete itadake masenka.

We are learning how to use the particle “-to” which marks the end of a quoted utterances and/or thought in the section 33 now.

3. [Your message] to Tsutaete itadake masenka.

To whom to convey is also an important information, so,

4. [Person] ni [Your message] to Tsutaete itadake masenka.

The followings are examples of the sentence construction 4;

5. Satou-san ni Nijuppun kurai Okureru to Tsutaete itadake masenka.

(Please tell Sato-san that I will be late for twenty minutes or so.)

6. Suzuki-san ni Nichiyoubi no Renshuu ni Ikenai to Tsutaete itadake masenka.

(Please tell Suzuki-san that I will not be able to come the practice on Sunday.)

7. Takahashi-san ni Kyou no Yoru wa Tsugou ga Warui to Tsutaete itadake masenka.

(Please tell Takahashi-san that tonight is inconvenient for me.)

8. Kobayashi-san ni Ikeda-san wa Byouki da to Tsutaete itadake masenka.

(Please tell Kobayashi-san that Ikeda-san has got sick now.)

Note that Okureru in 5 is a dictionary form, Ikenai in 6 is a Nai-form of potential form Ikeru, Warui in 7 is an I-adjective, and Byouki in 8 is a noun in the above examples.

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This post was written with reference to the exercise A6 on Section33 of “Minna no Nihongo (2nd Edition)” published by “3A Corporation”

Japanese Learning (A5 S33): Conveying what I heard, Someone was saying Something;  [Subject ] wa [Clause] to Itte Imashita.

Again, the sentence construction of the day also uses the particle “-to”. The construction is;

1. [Subject ] wa [Clause] to Itte Imashita.

where, [Clause] is what the subject said. The end of the clause usually takes the short ending form.

The construction 1 ends with “Itte imashita.”. Not only this “Itte imashita.”, but “Itte imasu.” and “Iimashita” are also likely to be used. How these three are different each other? Let’s examine these three patterns of sentence ending.

2. Satou-san wa Ashita no Asa Ku-ji ni Kuru to Iimashita. (Sato-san said she would come (here) at 9 tomorrow morning.)

This is simply saying that Sato-san said something at one moment in the past. It is not sure that Sato-san really comes tomorrow, because what Sato-san said is valid at that moment only.

3. Satou-san wa Ashita no Asa Ku-ji ni Kuru to Itte imasu. (Sato-san is saying she will come at 9 tomorrow morning.)

The sentence 3 indicates what Sato-san said has been valid since she said it. Although it is not sure what time this sentence 3 is being said, her coming at 9a.m. tomorrow is valid at the time of utterance of the sentence 3. Actually, it sounds like the speaker is insisting what Sato-san said is valid.

4. Satou-san wa Ashita no Asa Ku-ji ni Kuru to Itte imashita. (I heard that Sato-san was saying she would come at 9 tomorrow morning.)

The sentence 4 sounds like a kind of hearsay. The speaker of the sentence 4 was there, and heard what Sato-san was saying. It is not sure how many hours later, but the speaker says what he/she heard from Sato-san. Probably what Sato-san said is still valid, but the speaker is not responsible for her really coming at 9 a.m. tomorrow.

The exercise A5 adopts “Itte Imashita.”.

<INCOMPLETE!>

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This post was written with reference to the exercise A5 on Section33 of “Minna no Nihongo (2nd Edition)” published by “3A Corporation”

Japanese Learning (A4 S33): Saying what it means using the Particle “to”; [Subject ] wa { what it means } to Iu Imi desu.

Today’s sentence construction also uses the particle “-to”, and in macro perspective, it is a noun predicate sentence.

1. [Subject] wa [Noun] desu.

The noun “Imi” is modified by a verb clause.

2. [Subject] wa [Verb clasue ] Imi desu.

And the verb is “Iu/Iimasu(say/tell)” in dictionary form. The particle “-to” is placed in front of “Iu” to indicate the end of the part of “what is means”.

3. [Subject] wa [ what it means ] to Iu Imi desu.

As we have learned in the section 21, just in front of “-to”, or in other words, the end of “what it means” part usually becomes “short ending form”. This “short ending form” includes Imperative form and Prohibitive form which we have just learned in A1 and A2.

1. Kono Ma’aku wa Tomare to Iu Imi desu. (This mark means “Stop”.)

“What it means” part of the sentence 1 is “Tomare” that is Imperative form of the intransitive verb “Tomaru/Tomarimasu”. And “Tomare” is directly connected to the particle “-to”.

2. Kono Ma’aku wa Puragomi da to Iu Imi desu. (This mark means “Plastic waste”.)

“What it means” part of the sentence 2 is “Puragomi da”. “Puragomi” is a noun which is shortened “Purasuchikku Gomi (Plastic waste)”, and “da” is a sentence ending for noun predicate in the case of present-positive. And an important thing is that “da” is for short ending. What is for polite ending? Is it applicable to the today’s sentence?

<WRONG> Kono Ma’aku wa Puragomi desu to Iu Imi desu.

You see “desu” is doubled. The right expression is 2,

<RIGHT> Kono Ma’aku wa Puragomi da to Iu Imi desu.

3. Kono Ma’aku wa Shintai-Shougaisha ga Kuruma o Tomerareru to Iu Imi desu.

(This mark means that disabled people can park their car here.)

“What it means” part of the sentence 3 is a long one, “Shintai-Shougaisha ga Kuruma o Tomerareru”. You see this one is like a sentence consisting of a subject, object, and verb in potential form. And the verb “Tomerareru” is also a short ending of a verb with the last alphabet “-u”.

Practice and remember the following conversation;

A : Kore wa Dou Iu Imi desuka? (What does this mean?)

B : Kore wa Abunai to Iu Imi desu. (This means dangerous.)

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This post was written with reference to the exercise A4 on Section33 of “Minna no Nihongo (2nd Edition)” published by “3A Corporation”

Japanese Learning (A3 S33): Explaining using Quotation and “to” that is the end of Quotation; [Direct Quotation] to [Verb Predicate].

The exercises A3 through A6 in the section 33 have a common feature. That is being a complex sentence using the particle “-to”. The particle “-to” has several functions as shown below;

{As a case particle}

(1) Mentioning two nouns in parallel

– Ringo to Mikan (An apple and a mandarin orange)

(2) A person who acts together

 – Otouto to Kenka Shimashita. (I got into a fight with my younger brother.) — 1

 – Tomodachi to Ryokou Shimashita. (I traveled with my friend.) — 2

“[Person] to” is necessary for the sentence 1., but not always necessary for the sentence 2.

(3) Indicating the end of Quotation of Utterance or Thought.

 – Satou-san wa Osake o Nomanai to Iimashita. (Sato-san said that she didn’t drink Alcohol.)

{As a conjunctive particle}

 – Haru ni Naru to, Hana ga Sakimasu. (Come spring, the flowers get bloomed.)

In the A3 to A6, we are learning practical uses of “-to” that functions in the way of (3) Indicating the end of Quotation of Utterance or Thought. The sentence construction takes the following;

<1> [Utterance or Thought] to [Predicate].

In the case of today’s exercise A3, 1 can be as below;

<2> [Direct Quotation] to [Verb Predicate].

In the A3, only two predicates are used for [Verb Predicate]. They are “Kaite Arimasu. ((something has been) written.)” and “Yomimasu. (read.)”. Let’s look at the examples;

1. Asoko ni ｢Gomi o Suteruna｣ to Kaite Arimasu. (What is written over there is “Do not throw the garbage.”)

Note that not double quotations “” but parentheses (Kagi-Kakko) ｢ ｣ are used for direct quotation in Japanese. If you don’t use the Kagi-Kakko ｢ ｣, the sentence would have two meanings;

1’ Asoko ni Gomi o Suteruna to Kaite Arimasu.

=>? What is written over there is “Do not throw the garbage.”

=>? What is written is “Do not throw the garbage over there.”

2. Ano Kanji wa ｢Tachiiri-Kinshi｣ to Yomimasu. (That Kanjis read Tachiiri- Kinshi.)

“Tachiiri-Kinshi” means “No Entry”.

As to part of quotations, it is a verb clause in 1 and a noun in 2. But this difference does not come from the difference between “Kaite Arimasu” and “Yomimasu”. Of course it depends on the situation, you can say “Asoko ni ｢Tachiiri-Kinshi｣ to Kaite Arimasu.” to who couldn’t see ｢Tachiiri-Kinshi｣ is there, and you can say “Are wa ｢Gomi o Suteruna｣ to Yomimasu” to who couldn’t read the letters of ｢Gomi o Suteruna｣.

Practice and remember the following conversations;

A : Soko ni Nan to Kaite Arimasuka. (What is written there?)

B : Soko ni ｢Kin’en｣ to Kaite Arimasu. (What is written there is “No Smoking”.)

(｢Kin’en｣ is located at almost equal distance from both A and B.)

A : Koko ni Nan to Kaite Arimasuka. (What is written here?)

B : Koko ni ｢Okane o Irete Kudasai｣ to Kaite Arimasu.

 (What is written here is “Put in money here”.)

A : Sono Kanji wa Nan to Yomimasuka. (How do you read that Kanji?)

B : Kono Kanji wa ｢Hijouguchi｣ to Yomimasu. (That Kanji reads ｢Hijouguchi (emergency exit)｣.)

(That Kanji is closer to B.)

A : Kono Suuji wa Nan to Yomimasuka. (How do you read this number?)

B : Kono Suuji wa ｢Sen Happaku Kyuu-juu Go｣ to Yomimasu. (That Suuji reads “one thousand eight hundred and ninety-five (1895)”.)

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This post was written with reference to the exercise A3 on Section33 of “Minna no Nihongo (2nd Edition)” published by “3A Corporation”

Japanese Learning (A2 S33): Commanding someone to Do something using Imperative Form and to Stop doing using Prohibitive Form

What we are learning today is not utterances to say in ordinary situations. These words sound rough to a listener because they are kinds of orders, warnings, and prohibitions. Probably it is rare for Japanese learners to say these words, but it is necessary to understand as preparation against emergency situations.

<1> Orders using Imperative form

1. Nigero. (Run away.)

The verb “Nigeru/Nigemasu” is of Group 2, whose Imperative form is “Nigero”

2. Nihon no Houritsu o Mamore. (Obey the Japanese law.)

Houritsu is a noun for “law”. The verb “Mamoru/Mamorimasu” is of Group1-R, whose Imperative form is “Mamore”. “Nihon no Houritsu ni Shitagae. (Follow the Japanese law)” is also okay.

3. Shizukani Shiro (Be quiet.)

The construction of this sentence is “[Stem of Na-adj] ni [V-imp]. “Shiro” is the Imperative form of Group2 verb “Suru/Shimasu”.

<2> Prohibitions using Prohibitive form

4. Ugokuna. (Don’t move.)

A Prohibitive form can be made just putting “na” behind a dictionary form. “Ugoku/Ugokimasu” is an intransitive verb to mean “move”. The English verb “move” can be both intransitive and transitive verbs, but in Japanese, intransitive and transitive verbs are different. Ugoku/Ugokimasu is intransitive, and Ugokasu/Ugokashimasu is transitive.

5. Combini no Chuushajou de Sawaguna. (Don’t make any noise in the convenience store parking lot.)  

“Sawagu/Sawagimasu” is a verb meaning making noise by laughing and shouting loudly.

6. Jugyou-chuu ni Shaberuna. (Don’t chat during the class.)

“Shaberu/Shaberimasu” is a verb meaning saying something. In the sentence 5, “de” of “Chuushajou de” is marking “a place”, while in this sentence 6, “ni” of “Jugyou-chuu ni” is marking “time”.

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This post was written with reference to the exercise A2 on Section33 of “Minna no Nihongo (2nd Edition)” published by “3A Corporation”

Japanese Learning (A1 S33): Verb Conjugation; Imperative Form and Prohibitive Form

Two new verb conjugations are introduced in the section 33. They are Imperative Form and Prohibitive Form. A verb in these conjugations is used when someone gives you a command to do or not to do something. It is important to know that a verb in Imperative form or in Prohibitive form sound rough because it is an order or a warning in most of the cases from superiors to subordinates. Therefore, it is better for a Japanese learner not to use but to know them in order for him/her to be able to understand a command or a warning that Japanese people give in a severe situation.

In the following, verbs are shown in the order of;

Dictionary-form/Masu-form — Imperative form — Prohibitive form.

<Group 2 verbs>

Miru/Mimasu (see, watch, look at) — Miro — Miruna

Yameru/Yamemasu (stop, quit a job) — Yamero — Yameruna

Suteru/Sutemasu (throw away, dump) — Sutero — Suteruna

<Group 3 verbs>

Kuru/Kimasu (come to this side) — Koi — Kuruna

Suru/Shimasu (do) — Shiro — Suruna

<Group 1 verbs>

– Gr1-W; Iu/Iimasu (say, tell) — Ie — Iuna

– Gr1-K; Iku/Ikimasu (go there) — Ike — Ikuna

– Gr1-G; Oyogu/Oyogimasu (swim) — Oyoge — Oyoguna

– Gr1-S; Dasu/Dashimasu (put out) — Dase — Dasuna

– Gr1-T; Tatsu/Tachimasu (stand up) — Tate — Tatsuna

– Gr1-B; Asobu/Asobimasu (play for fun) — Asobe — Asobuna

– Gr1-M; Nomu/Nomimasu (drink) — Nome — Nomuna

– Gr1-R; Toru/Torimasu (take) — Tore — Toruna

It is obvious that Prohibitive form can be made by putting “na” behind of dictionary form. As for Imperative form, Group1 verbs end with “-e”. And of the Group1 verbs, Gr1-R is always confusing with Group2 verbs for conjugations. Gr1-R verbs end with “-re”, while Group2 verbs end with “-ro”.

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This post was written with reference to the exercise A1 on Section33 of “Minna no Nihongo (2nd Edition)” published by “3A Corporation”

Japanese Learning (A3 S32): Saying a Speculation; [V-dic / V-nai / I-adj / Na-adj / Noun ] + kamo shiremasen.

Yesterday we learned one of expressions to say speculation, which was “-deshou.” Today we are going to learn another expression to say speculation, “-kamo shiremasen.” When it comes to differences between the two, “-kamoshiremasen” is a little bit less confident and/or less certain than “-deshou”. Sometimes “-kamo shiremasen” is used for the level of suspicion.

At a glance, you may feel the spelling of “-kamo shiremasen” is a little long. How do we understand this new expression? It is rare, but sometimes we would find a textbook of second language that gives us explanations with subdividing expressions into minimum pieces. If I do it for “-kamo shiremasen”, this expression could be subdivided like below;

-kamo : a compound particle with the ending particles “-ka.” and “-mo.”

  -ka. : question, being moved, exclamation

  -mo. : being moved, exclamation

-shire- : an intransitive verb that has to do with the transitive verb “Shiru/Shirimasu”

-masen : the sentence ending of present-negative in polite speech style.

I don’t think a subdivision like above would help a learner understand “-kamo shiremasen.” well. The following is just my personal view, but rather than to subdivide the expression like this into minimum segments, it is better to learn it as a kind of “cluster” when learning a second language. So, it is better to think simply that “-kamo shiremasen” is an expression to say “I guess that” with less certainty and probability than “-deshou.” Learn such nature of “-kamo shiremasen” through the following examples.

[V-dic] + deshou

1. Sato-san wa Shigoto o Yameru kamo shiremasen. (I guess that Sato-san might be quitting her job.)

[V-nai] + deshou

2. Suzuki-san wa Kyou Kaisha ni Konai kamo shiremasen. (I guess that Suzuki-san might not be coming to the company today.)

Note that the group3 verb “Kuru/Kimasu” becomes “konai” for its Nai-form. It’s neither “Kanai(WRONG)”, “Kinai(WRONG)”, nor “Kenai(WRONG)”. “Kunai” is the worst, because “-unai” happens only for I-adjective. “Kuru/Kimasu” is a verb.

[I-adjective] + deshou.

3. Ano Manga wa Tsumaranai kamo shiremasen. (I guess that the Manga might be boring.)

[Na-adjective] + deshou.

Note that the negative “nai” is included as part of the I-adjective “Tsumaranai”.

4. Kono Kasa wa Joubu kamo shiremasen. (I guess that this umbrella might be sturdy.)

[Noun] + deshou.

5. Takahashi-san wa Ashita Yasumi kamo shiremasen. (I guess that Takahashi-san might be taking day off tomorrow.)

Note that “Yasumi” is a noun, “Yasumu” is a verb.

Again, the followings are just about the difference between “deshou” and “kamoshiremasen.”

“deshou” is used broadly as speculation. When the speaker uses “deshou”, confidence and certainty are usually higher than “kamo shiremasen”. “kamo shiremasen” is sometimes used for speculation of the level of suspicions.

Suppose that a radio anchor said one of the followings in a weather forecast program.

(1) Ashita wa Ame deshou.

(2) Ashita wa Ame kamo shiremasen.

Which comment is appropriate for the weather forecast? It must be (1). If a radio anchor said (2), the listeners would feel like the forecast isn’t scientifically made.

There is an adverb that can make the difference clearer between “deshou” and “kamo shiremasen”. That is “Moshikashitara”. Because it is “perhaps” like adverb with less confidence and certainty, “Moshikashitara” is quite often used with “-kamo shiremasen.” as shown below;

1’. Moshikashitara, Sato-san wa Shigoto o Yameru kamo shiremasen. (Perhaps, Sato-san might be quitting her job.)

It is better to remember two words together as a combination “Moshikashitara, —kamo shiremasen.”

On the other, it is not often for a sentence ending “deshou.” to use “Moshikashitara”.

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This post was written with reference to the exercise A3 on Section32 of “Minna no Nihongo (2nd Edition)” published by “3A Corporation”