「ら抜き」について:ある学生へのメッセージ

「ら抜き」とは、動詞の可能形から、「ら」を抜いてしまうことです。

可能形を見てみましょう。
辞書形 → 可能形です。

・一段動詞
(上一段)
見る:みる → みられる
着る:きる → きられる
(下一段)
寝る:ねる → ねられる
食べる:たべる → たべられる

・カ変動詞
来る:くる → こられる

・サ変動詞
する → できる

・五段動詞
ワ行:買う:かう → かえる
カ行:聞く:きく → きける
ガ行:泳ぐ:およぐ → およげる
サ行:話す:はなす → はなせる
タ行:持つ:もつ → もてる
バ行:飛ぶ:とぶ → とべる
マ行:飲む:のむ → のめる
ラ行:作る:つくる → つくれる

上に書いた可能形をよく見てください。「ら」があるのはどの動詞ですか?
・一段動詞
・カ変動詞
この2つです。この2つの可能形から「ら」を取って(抜いて)言うことが多くなっています。

「ら抜き」の例
・一段動詞
○みられる → ×みれる
○きられる → ×きれる
○ねられる → ×ねれる
○たべられる → ×たべれる
・カ変
○こられる → ×これる

このような「ら抜き」は、規範的な日本語としては、まだ認められていません。しかし、若者の間では「ら抜き」が一般的になっています。

ちょっと紛らわしいのですが、ラ行五段動詞の可能形は「ら」がありそうですが、ありません。
・作る → ○つくれる、×つくられる(可能形として)
・取る → ○とれる、×とられる(可能形として)
・帰る → ○かえれる、×かえられる(可能形として)
「ら」の入った方は、動詞や状況によりますが、受身や尊敬で使います。

受身や尊敬との関係で言えば、「ら抜き」は可能形と、受身・尊敬を区別するという効用があります。授業で示した例文は次のようでした。

例:日本から有名な先生が来られます。公開講義をしますから、来れる学生は参加しなさい。

「来られます」は先生に対する尊敬です。「来れる」は「ら抜き」ですが、可能を表します。このような効用がありますが、まだ「ら抜き」は正式には認められていません。しかし、「来れる」などの「ら抜き」は言いやすく、一般的になってしまったので、もう「来られる」に戻ることは難しいと思います。

以上、「ら抜き」の説明でした。

イ形容詞「いい」の変化

I-adjective “いい” consists from two letters of “い”.
The second letter conjugates (changes) as well as other I-adjectives. But the first letter also changes. Note that I-adjective “いい” came from “よい”.

1) The first letter “い” remains to be “い”
・今日は いい天気です。
 ・・・“いい” modifies the noun “天気”

・今日の天気は いいです。

・・・“いい” is the predicative.

2) The first letter “い” becomes “よ”

・今日の天気は よくないです。

・・・ Negative predicate in present tense

・昨日は 天気が よかったです。

・・・ Positive predicate in past tense

・天気がよくて、外で遊びました。

  ・・・ A kind of Te-form

・天気がよければ、外に出ます。

・・・ Conditional form

Therefore, “いい” turns to be the original “よい” in the cases of 2).

What works and what doesn’t on the Teacher’s Desk

Today is the thirty-ninth day of the spring semester 2024 and is Friday when is the last day of a weekday. I have checked in this week, about the small console on the teacher’s desk. Other teachers bring USB memory to the classroom, and connect it to the small console on the teacher’s desk. In this way, teachers use the computer which is built in in the teacher’s desk. A USB memory is a small tiny device, light and easy to carry.

I don’t do as other teachers do. Every time I do the class, I bring my computer and connect not USB memory but two cables; one for visual data and one for audio data from my computer. The reason is that, if I use the built-in computer, Japanese letters are converted very ugly fonts because the built-in computer doesn’t have “Textbook font” of Japanese. And layout in a PPT slide is not displayed as I made by my computer. So, I cannot show what I want to show on the screen, if I use the built-in computer and USB memory.

Bringing my computer and two cables for visual and audio to the classroom, I connect these three things to the small console on the teacher’s desk. There are some jacks on aluminum plate on the teacher’s desk. The aluminum plate is thin. I worry about durability of the plate because the plate always bents every time I connect or remove plugs to jacks.

I use five classrooms. I have checked this week, about how to connect the cables.

1. Power from Outlet

If an outlet is there, that does not necessarily mean I can get electricity. That is what I wrote in a post before. In one classroom, the outlet on the teacher’s desk provides power. In three classrooms, although there are outlets on the teacher’s desk, they do not provide power. In One classroom, there is an outlet tap that is functioning, but the outlets on the tap is occupied by other devices. There is no outlet available for my computer.

For these four classrooms, I connect the power cable to the nearest outlet using an extension cable. I can connect to the outlet under the blackboard in three classrooms, but in one classroom, I need to lengthen the extension cable to the wall that is along the corridor. Students come through the door and almost hook or kick the cable by their foot. I need to say “Look out!” so often.

2. Cable for Visual Data

 I borrow a HDMI cable from teachers’ room. But it has problem of bad connection. So, it’s not the problem of a Jack on the console but of plug of the cable. For this reason, I prefer a VGA cable that is blue one to a HDMI cable. In one classroom out of five, the screen is very dark with VGA cable. I have to use HDMI cable for that classroom. Sometimes the display is shut down because of bad connection of HDMI, I have to tap several times the plug of HDMI. For other four classrooms, VGA cable works well.

Actually, I have got another problem with HDMI cable. That is the HDMI cable does not convey audio from my computer to the classroom system. I need to use another cable for audio because of this problem.

3. Cable for Audio Data

Since I had known the problem about audio, I brought an audio cable from Japan when I came back here in the end of February. The cable has the stereo plug of 3.5mm on one end and the monaural plug of 3.5mm on the other. I use this cable in three classrooms. There is no problem about bad connection between plug and jack. In one classroom, I don’t need the cable because it is conversation class in which I say everything. But in one class of listening course, the jack for microphone is of 6.5mm. The jack of my cable doesn’t fit because it is 3.5mm. In order to solve the problem, I made by myself a device of speaker and amplifier in the winter break and brought it. Now I am thinking about buying an adapter between 6.5mm and 3.5mm monaural jacks in summer break in Japan.

The things above may seem to be tiny things. But for me, it is important to teach effectively in classroom. And I think that the university has to supervise these kinds of outsourcing works that the university contracted. For example, a thorough inspection must be done before payment whether or not the contractor has completed the tasks with required quality and quantities as specified in the contract documents.

Is that so Difficult word? “Isogashii” means “Busy”

Today is the thirty-eighth day of the spring semester 2024. Since today is Thursday, I have three classes to teach, although I feel even one class is enough to make me exhausted these days. One teacher (of this country) asked me to introduce some literature about tense and aspect of Japanese. I don’t have any literature of research level about such linguistic issues. This morning, I made a photocopy from a book that I have. And I brought it to his office in lunch break. Since he wasn’t there, I passed my photocopy to other teacher who shared the office.

After two classes in the afternoon, I got back my room. And then I slept half an hour on my bed. Though it already turned to be dark outside, I went to the campus super market to buy some food. I met two male students there. They were the third-year students. I had taught them when they were the second-year students. I asked them in Japanese “Isogashii desuka?” It meant like “Are you guys busy these days?” To my surprise, they didn’t understand what I asked. The adjective “Isogashii” is a word to learn during the first year. It seemed as if they had already forgot Japanese. I felt it difficult to continue to communicate them, so I said good-bye to them. It looked like they were still talking each other about what the word “isogashii” was. It was a funny moment.

Splashed Black Toner and Water Supply Stop

Today is the thirty-seventh day of the spring semester 2024. I went to the administrative building in the morning. I wanted to print answer sheets for a quiz that I would assign in the class tomorrow. When I got to the teacher’s room, one teacher (of this country) was cleaning a toner cartridge with paper tissue. He said he shook the toner cartridge. I saw the toner, or black powder were splashed everywhere; inside and around the cartridge, inside printer, and the table.

At a glance, I got to know that I couldn’t use that printer today. It seemed like that toner cartridge was not a genuine product. Every time I use the printer, I get dirty printed matters with a lot of black spots. I worry that it will be a huge problem when teachers submit the original papers of the final examination because of the bad quality of toner cartridge. I told this issue to the chief. But I am not sure if or not the problem will be solved by the 11th week when is the deadline for submission. Since I needed at least one copy of quiz answer sheets, I went to the international exchange room and asked for a help. I got one sheet of the paper and made 13 photocopies in another room. That was my morning hours today.

I had been just making PPT slides for tomorrow class all afternoon. In the evening, water supply stopped for a while. Luckily enough, I had already finished cooking my supper when water stopped. Though I wanted to wash my hands before eating, I ate my supper without washing. I also ate green beans heated by microwave, not with QP mayonnaise from Japan but vinegar I bought here. Since I have eaten all the green beans that I bought last Saturday, the next time I can eat green beans will be coming Saturday. The water supply resumed after supper, so, I didn’t have any problem for washing dishes. I think we have to be thankful if the those basic supplies of lifeline function.

Big Letters on Smoking Booth

Smoking Booth near JR Niigata Station

There is a Smoking Booth near Bandaiguchi-Exit on JR Niigata station. Oh, but let me tell you, I am not a smoking person. I have never ever smoked even a single cigarette through my life of more than a half century. Passive smoking was terrible when I was a young company man, but I have already retired from company work. Now I am free from smoke of others.


Anyway, I took the photo above, and then I walked to the other side of this smoking booth. What I found there was…

Smoking Booth with Warning Written in Big Letters

It reads;
BAN on Smoking Outside This Facility;
A lot of complaints are coming (to the City Office) due to part of users with bad manner. If this situation continues, this smoking booth would need to be demolished. We ask you to smoke only inside of the facility.

As if these big letters indicate how the Niigata municipal government is angry with bad smoking people.
And I thought that, if there are a lot of complaints, it would not be “part of users” but it might be “many of users”.

Fried Horse Mackerel in Sweet Vinegar Sauce

This time, I bought Small Horse Mackerels. They costed only 138 JPY (approx. 1 USD)

I wouldn’t show you the most cruel process of the cooking. Opened Horse Mackerels were wrapped with Potato Starch.

They were fried in Iron Skillet; I don’t like to use Teflon Skillet. Price hike does affect cooking oil also in Japan. So I tried using less oil as possible.

It took more than 10 minutes to make them fried well.

Sweet Vinegar with Soy Sauce was poured onto Them. Then They were kept in Refrigerator for several hours so that the Sauce could go into the Fries. By doing so, vinegar would make fish bones soft.

There you go.

Thank you for taking a look at this post until the end. Good day,

Fried Horse Mackerel for my Supper Tonight

A Horse Mackerel that I bought from nearby supermarket today. It was 398 JPY

Slices of Horse Mackerel are coated with mixture of wheat and egg.

So this is the main dish of today’s my supper. The white things are Tofu.

It took more than one and a half hour for me to cook tonight’s supper.

Thick and Strong Bones in Sea Bream

A small size sea bream; I bought this one in a supermarket by 498JPY.

I wrapped the fish in aluminum foil, and baked by gas

Actually, it was a little stinky with fish smell. I should have poured some olive oil before wrapping it. I regretted not doing so.

Sunday Afternoon Walk to a Small Shito Shrine by a River Bank

A River; It’s rare fine day amid rainy season, so the mountain top is covered with cloud

A Small Shinto Shrine near my House, in Northern JAPAN

The Same Shrine from different angle towards the river bank

Two boards are put on the wall of a barn in the Shrine Area

The left board says that droppings from a dog shall be disposed properly by the dog’s owner.

The right board says that, when you play in this shrine area, do not break anything, do not make anything dirty, and put in your mind that we all have to keep the shrine clean.

But I can tell you that there is no longer any single kid playing in the shrine area. There are no kids around there because Japan’s society has already aged very much.