「ら抜き」について:ある学生へのメッセージ

「ら抜き」とは、動詞の可能形から、「ら」を抜いてしまうことです。

可能形を見てみましょう。
辞書形 → 可能形です。

・一段動詞
(上一段)
見る:みる → みられる
着る:きる → きられる
(下一段)
寝る:ねる → ねられる
食べる:たべる → たべられる

・カ変動詞
来る:くる → こられる

・サ変動詞
する → できる

・五段動詞
ワ行:買う:かう → かえる
カ行:聞く:きく → きける
ガ行:泳ぐ:およぐ → およげる
サ行:話す:はなす → はなせる
タ行:持つ:もつ → もてる
バ行:飛ぶ:とぶ → とべる
マ行:飲む:のむ → のめる
ラ行:作る:つくる → つくれる

上に書いた可能形をよく見てください。「ら」があるのはどの動詞ですか?
・一段動詞
・カ変動詞
この2つです。この2つの可能形から「ら」を取って(抜いて)言うことが多くなっています。

「ら抜き」の例
・一段動詞
○みられる → ×みれる
○きられる → ×きれる
○ねられる → ×ねれる
○たべられる → ×たべれる
・カ変
○こられる → ×これる

このような「ら抜き」は、規範的な日本語としては、まだ認められていません。しかし、若者の間では「ら抜き」が一般的になっています。

ちょっと紛らわしいのですが、ラ行五段動詞の可能形は「ら」がありそうですが、ありません。
・作る → ○つくれる、×つくられる(可能形として)
・取る → ○とれる、×とられる(可能形として)
・帰る → ○かえれる、×かえられる(可能形として)
「ら」の入った方は、動詞や状況によりますが、受身や尊敬で使います。

受身や尊敬との関係で言えば、「ら抜き」は可能形と、受身・尊敬を区別するという効用があります。授業で示した例文は次のようでした。

例:日本から有名な先生が来られます。公開講義をしますから、来れる学生は参加しなさい。

「来られます」は先生に対する尊敬です。「来れる」は「ら抜き」ですが、可能を表します。このような効用がありますが、まだ「ら抜き」は正式には認められていません。しかし、「来れる」などの「ら抜き」は言いやすく、一般的になってしまったので、もう「来られる」に戻ることは難しいと思います。

以上、「ら抜き」の説明でした。

イ形容詞「いい」の変化

I-adjective “いい” consists from two letters of “い”.
The second letter conjugates (changes) as well as other I-adjectives. But the first letter also changes. Note that I-adjective “いい” came from “よい”.

1) The first letter “い” remains to be “い”
・今日は いい天気です。
 ・・・“いい” modifies the noun “天気”

・今日の天気は いいです。

・・・“いい” is the predicative.

2) The first letter “い” becomes “よ”

・今日の天気は よくないです。

・・・ Negative predicate in present tense

・昨日は 天気が よかったです。

・・・ Positive predicate in past tense

・天気がよくて、外で遊びました。

  ・・・ A kind of Te-form

・天気がよければ、外に出ます。

・・・ Conditional form

Therefore, “いい” turns to be the original “よい” in the cases of 2).

Big Letters on Smoking Booth

Smoking Booth near JR Niigata Station

There is a Smoking Booth near Bandaiguchi-Exit on JR Niigata station. Oh, but let me tell you, I am not a smoking person. I have never ever smoked even a single cigarette through my life of more than a half century. Passive smoking was terrible when I was a young company man, but I have already retired from company work. Now I am free from smoke of others.


Anyway, I took the photo above, and then I walked to the other side of this smoking booth. What I found there was…

Smoking Booth with Warning Written in Big Letters

It reads;
BAN on Smoking Outside This Facility;
A lot of complaints are coming (to the City Office) due to part of users with bad manner. If this situation continues, this smoking booth would need to be demolished. We ask you to smoke only inside of the facility.

As if these big letters indicate how the Niigata municipal government is angry with bad smoking people.
And I thought that, if there are a lot of complaints, it would not be “part of users” but it might be “many of users”.

Fried Horse Mackerel in Sweet Vinegar Sauce

This time, I bought Small Horse Mackerels. They costed only 138 JPY (approx. 1 USD)

I wouldn’t show you the most cruel process of the cooking. Opened Horse Mackerels were wrapped with Potato Starch.

They were fried in Iron Skillet; I don’t like to use Teflon Skillet. Price hike does affect cooking oil also in Japan. So I tried using less oil as possible.

It took more than 10 minutes to make them fried well.

Sweet Vinegar with Soy Sauce was poured onto Them. Then They were kept in Refrigerator for several hours so that the Sauce could go into the Fries. By doing so, vinegar would make fish bones soft.

There you go.

Thank you for taking a look at this post until the end. Good day,

Fried Horse Mackerel for my Supper Tonight

A Horse Mackerel that I bought from nearby supermarket today. It was 398 JPY

Slices of Horse Mackerel are coated with mixture of wheat and egg.

So this is the main dish of today’s my supper. The white things are Tofu.

It took more than one and a half hour for me to cook tonight’s supper.

Thick and Strong Bones in Sea Bream

A small size sea bream; I bought this one in a supermarket by 498JPY.

I wrapped the fish in aluminum foil, and baked by gas

Actually, it was a little stinky with fish smell. I should have poured some olive oil before wrapping it. I regretted not doing so.

Sunday Afternoon Walk to a Small Shito Shrine by a River Bank

A River; It’s rare fine day amid rainy season, so the mountain top is covered with cloud

A Small Shinto Shrine near my House, in Northern JAPAN

The Same Shrine from different angle towards the river bank

Two boards are put on the wall of a barn in the Shrine Area

The left board says that droppings from a dog shall be disposed properly by the dog’s owner.

The right board says that, when you play in this shrine area, do not break anything, do not make anything dirty, and put in your mind that we all have to keep the shrine clean.

But I can tell you that there is no longer any single kid playing in the shrine area. There are no kids around there because Japan’s society has already aged very much.

Cherry Flowers “SAKURA” in Full Bloom in Northern JAPAN

A River, Sakura, and Gozu Ridges

Cherry Trees and Mountain Behind that is Ninoji-Dake

Cherry Trees on a River Bank

Cherry Trees on a River Bank

Sakura Flowers in Close Look

Behind the Rice Field is Gozu Mountains

I have been busy for so long. That is all for today.

Bird Feeding in Winter

This morning I found there was a lot of Snow in my garden.

I removed snow to get to the Bird Feeding Place.

They are very careful against Human Kind. If I get closer to take a photo, they will immediately fly away.

I hope they can survive this winter.

A Rare Fine Day in Northern Japan, Niigata

Mountains of Eburisashi, Ninoji, and Iide (left to right)

Part of Iide Mountain

A Couple of Ducks on Koagano River

Just Behind the River is Pear Orchard

I have just found that Narcissus Flowers are Blooming at the Edge of my Garden.

That’s it for yesterdays’ photos.