タグ: conjunctive particle

Japanese learning (A4 S28): Saying Two Things as Reasons; [Subject] wa [Predicate1] shi, [Predicate2] shi, [Conclusion].

The function of the conjunctive particle “-shi,” is to say two things parallelly. And sometime such enumeration tends to be reasons for a conclusion. As shown in yesterday’s post, the connections between a word and “-shi” is usually be short ending form plus “-shi”. In the case of present-positive;

(1) verb : -u+shi, — e.g. Ar-u+shi, Ir-u+shi,

(2) I-adjective: -i+shi, — e.g. Hiro-i+shi, O’o-i+shi,

(3) Na-adjective: -da+shi, — e.g. Shizuka-da+shi, Benri-da+shi,

Let us look at today’s sentences;

[Subject] wa [Predicate1] shi, [Predicate2] shi, [Conclusion].

Examples;

1. Kono Toshokan wa Shizukada shi, Hiroi shi, Itumo Koko de Hon o Yonde imasu.

(This library is quiet and spacious, so I always read a book here.)

2. Kono Toshokan wa Hon mo O’oi shi, Kashidashi mo Benrida shi, Itsumo Koko de Hon o Karite imasu.

(This library has many books, and the lending procedure is convenient, so I always borrow a book here.)

where; Kashidashi; noun(+suru); lending

3. Kono Toshokan wa Zasshi Ko’ona’a mo Arushi, Shinsetuna Hito mo Irushi, Itumo Koko de Hon o Yonde imasu.

(In this library, there is a magazine area, and kind people are there, so I always read a book here.)

Note that there are two intransitive verbs for existing;

– Things without life and plants; Aru/Arimasu

– Human kind and animals; Iru/Imasu

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This post was written with reference to the exercise A4 on Section28 of “Minna no Nihongo (2nd Edition)” published by “3A Corporation”

Japanese learning (A3 S28): Saying Two or Three Predicates Parallelly; [Subject] wa [Predicate1] shi, [Predicate2] shi, [Predicate3].

The sentence construction in the title uses the word “Predicate”. When it comes to predicate, we need to think about four types of it. They are Noun, Na-adjective, I-adjective, Verb predicates. Since a noun predicate and a Na-adjective predicate are using the same sentence endings, let us look at three types of predicates for today’s construction.

(1) Verb

1. Satou-san wa Gita’a mo Hikeru shi, Uta mo Utaeru shi, soreni Sakkyoku mo Dekimasu.

where, sakkyoku; noun(+suru); composition, song-writing

(Sato-san can play a guitar, can sing a song, and she can write a song.)

Note that three verbs in the sentence are all in potential form. Using potential forms are not always necessary for this construction. For example,

2. Miller-san wa Osake mo Nomushi, Osashimi mo Tabemasu.

(Mr. Miller drinks Sake, and eat Sashimi.)

If Miller-san who is not Japanese drinks Sake and eats Sashimi, wouldn’t it be positive things? Someone having potentialities to do is positive. And it is good to say positive things when enumerating two or three words. Therefore, it is good to learn a sentence with verbs in potential forms, when you learn the conjunctive particle for enumeration.,

2’. Miller-san wa Osake mo Nomerushi, Osashimi mo Taberaremasu.

(Mr. Miller can drink Sake and eat Sashimi.)

where; Nomeru and Taberareru are the potential forms of Nomu and Taberu, respectively.

(2) I-adjective

3. Suzuki-san wa Wakai shi, Se mo Takai shi, soshite Ashi mo Hayai desu.

(Suzuki-san is young and tall, and he runs fast.)

where; Se is height of body. Ashi is legs.

An I-adjective is placed in front of “-shi.,” with “i” as you see in the sentence 3.

(3) Na-adjective

4. Takahashi-san wa Majimeda shi, Shinsetsuda shi, Karada mo Kenkou desu.

(Takahashi-san is Majime* and kind, and his body is healthy.)

* It is difficult to express “Majime” by one word in English.

It is important to know how verbs, I-adjectives, and Na-adjectives are connected to “-shi,”. These three types of words need to be “short ending forms” in front of “-shi,”. In the case of present tense;

(1) verb : -u+shi, — e.g. Hiker-u+shi, Utaer-u+shi, Nomer-u+shi, Taberarer-u+shi,

(2) I-adjective: -i+shi, — e.g. waka-i+shi, Taka-i+shi,

(3) Na-adjective: -da+shi, — e.g. Majime-da+shi, Shinsetsu-da+shi,

These “-u+”, “-i+”, and “-da+” are used for present tense. In the case of past tense, connections to “-shi,” can be as below;

(1) verb in past tense

1’. Satou-san wa Gita’a mo Hiketa shi, Uta mo Utaeta shi, soreni Sakkyoku mo Dekimashita.

(Sato-san was able to play a guitar and sing a song, and she was able to write a song.)

(2) I-adjective in past tense

3’. Suzuki-san wa Wakakatta shi, Se mo Takakatta shi, soshite Ashi mo Hayakatta desu.

(Suzuki-san was young and tall, and he ran fast.)

(3) Na-adjective in past tense

4’. Takahashi-san wa Majimedatta shi, Shinsetsudatta shi, Karada mo Kenkou deshita.

(Takahashi-san was Majime* and kind, and his body was healthy.)

Although the conjunctive particle “-shi,” is the main thing to learn here, but you may find that the particle “-mo” is used many times in the examples. “-mo” has already been introduced at A5 in the section 1. At that time, it is explained that “-mo” is a particle to indicate that the noun is the same kind with another noun that appeared in preceding sentence. This time, “-mo”(s) has the function to enumerate two or three nouns within a sentence.

1. Satou-san wa Gita’a <mo> Hikeru shi, Uta <mo> Utaeru shi, soreni Sakkyoku <mo> Dekimasu.

If guitar, song, and composition are not enumerated, and each of them stands alone,  

<Gita’a ga Hikemasu.>, <Uta ga Utaemasu.>, and<Sakkyoku ga Dekimasu.>

So, putting these three into one sentence, the particle “ga” turned to be “mo”.

2. Miller-san wa Osake mo Nomushi, Osashimi mo Tabemasu.

What particle is the original one before it turned to be “mo”?

<Osake o Nomimasu,>, <Osashimi o Tabemasu.>

It is better to know what the original particle was before being replacing by “-mo”.

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This post was written with reference to the exercise A3 on Section28 of “Minna no Nihongo (2nd Edition)” published by “3A Corporation”

Japanese learning (A4 S25): Conjunctive Particle “-temo” that makes But-However Connection to the Main Clause; [PreCon]+temo, [Main Clause].

In the section 25, two conjunctive particles are introduced; One makes “So-Therefore” connection, and the other makes “But-However” connection to the main clause.

[Preconditional Clause]+tara, [Main Clause].

Example: Ame ga Futtara, Dekakemasen. (If it rains, I will not go outside.)

When it’s rainy, ordinary people wouldn’t like to get out of house. Therefore, the main clause “Dekakemasen” is an expectable conclusion from the preconditional clause “Ame ga Futtara,”. This is an example that the conjunctive particle “-tara,” makes a So-Therefore connection to the main clause.

[Preconditional Clause]+temo, [Main Clause].

Example: Ame ga Futtemo, Dekakemasu. (Even if it rains, I will go outside.)

Since ordinary people wouldn’t like to get out of house when it’s rainy, the main clause “Dekakemasu” is an unexpectable conclusion from the precondition “it’s rainy”. Therefore, this is an example that the conjunctive particle “-temo,” makes a But-However connection to the main clause.

As in the case of “tara” preconditional clause, the predicates in the clause can be a Verb, an I-adjective, a Na-adjective, and a Noun.

(1) Preconditional clause has a Positive Verb predicate

– Hashittemo, Densha ni Maniaimasen. (Even if we run, we can’t catch the train.)

Running is faster than walking. If you run, the expectable conclusion is that you can catch the train (Hashittara, Densha ni Maniaimasu.). But against prediction, the conclusion is saying an unexpectable thing “Maniaimasen”. When a positive verb is the predicate of preconditional clause, it is good to see it as “[V-te] + mo,”

(2) Preconditional clause has a Negative Verb predicate

– Kurumaga Nakutemo, Seikatsu Dekimasu. (Even if I don’t have a car, I can make living.)

Probably this is what people living in Tokyo say because there are a lot of railway networks. Although “Naku(-temo)” looks like an auxiliary adjective, think it as the negative form of verb “Aru/Arimasu”. I just want to emphasize the Nai-form of “Aru/Arimasu” is not “Aranai” but “Nai”.

(3) Preconditional clause has an I-adjective predicate

– Isogashikutemo, Nihongo o Benkyou shimasu. (Even if I am busy, I study Japanese.)

(4) Preconditional clause has an Na-adjective predicate

– Benridemo, Kurejitto Ca’ado wa Tsukaimasen. (Even if it’s convenient, I don’t use a credit card.)

 Note that it’s not “-temo,” but “-demo”. “-demo” is used for Na-adjectives, Nouns, and Verbs of Gr1-B, Gr1-M, and Gr1-N. Another thing to look at is “wa” in the main clause. This “wa” is not subject marker but topic marker. It was originally “o” for the object of transitive verb “Tsukau/Tsukaimasu”. In order to make “Credit card” the topic, “o” turned to be “wa” as below;

Kurejitto Ca’ado o Tsukaimasen. => Kurejitto Ca’ado wa Tsukaimasen.

(5) Preconditional clause has a Noun predicate

– Shigoto ga Yasumi no Hi demo, Asa Hayaku Okimasu. (Even if it’s day-off from my job, I get up early in the morning.)

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This post was written with reference to the exercise A4 on Section25 of “Minna no Nihongo (2nd Edition)” published by “3A Corporation”

Japanese learning (A3 S25): Preconditional Clause with “-tara,”; One thing has Happened, and then What to come next; [V-ta]+tara, [Main Clause].

Yesterday, we learned the following construction;

1. [Preconditional Clause] + tara, [Main Clause].

In this construction, the preconditional clause has the predicates of a verb, I-adjective, Na-adjective, and Noun. Today, we are learning the same construction, but its predicates in the preconditional clause are limited to be verbs. In such case, the description below would be better to understand;

2. [Verb Clause] + tara, [Main Clause].

=> [V-ta] + ra, [What to do/What to happen next].

If a verb is in Ta-form, it means the action of the verb has been completed. Although I often call Ta-form “past/perfect tense”, but let us focus on “perfect” this time. Because Ta-form is used not only for action in the past, but also for action in the future, which will be completed in the future.

Here are exapmles;

3. Satou-san ga Kitara, Isshoni Dekake mashou. (Once Sato-san come here, let us go outside together.)

4. Kaisha ni Tsuitara, Sugu Pasokon o Tsukemasu. (As soon as I arrive at the office, I turn on my computer.)

5. Go-ji Han ni Nattara, Ie ni Kaeritai desu. (Come Five-thirty, I want to go home.)

Yesterday’s “’tara’ precondition” was just an assumed condition. Such conditions are often stative especially for the precondition clause that has a predicate of I-adjective, Na-adjective, or Noun. On the other, today’s “’tara’ precondition” describes something gets completed. Therefore, verb is used for the predicate in the precondition clause. As you see in the sentence 3 to 5, “Kita”, “Tsuita”, and “Natta” are all Ta-forms. Ta-form has the function to express that action has been completed. What is said in the main clause is what will you do (or what will happen) after an action in the precondition clause was completed. So, for this nature, the probability of occurrence of the preconditional clause tends to be higher than yesterday’s “tara precondition”s. “Sato-san ga Kitara” in 3 is about to happen, “Kaisha ni Tsuitara” in 4 is an everyday thing, and “Go-ji Han ni Nattara” in 5 is bound to happen.

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This post was written with reference to the exercise A3 on Section25 of “Minna no Nihongo (2nd Edition)” published by “3A Corporation”

Japanese learning (A2 S25): Preconditional Clause ending with “-tara,” and the Main Clause says what will do/happen under the condition; [preCon]+tara, [Main Clause].

The section 25 is to learn two conjunctive particles; “-tara,” and “-temo,”. Remember that “-tara,” makes So-Therefore connection and “-temo,” makes But-However type connection to the main clause. The exercise A2 and A3 introduce sentence constructions that use “-tara,”, and A2 shows variations when the preconditional clause has the predicates of a verb, I-adjective, Na-adjective, and Noun.

(1) Preconditional clause has a Positive Verb predicate

– Ame ga Futtara, Soto ni Dekake masen. (If it rains, I will not go outside.)

(2) Negative Verb

– Jikan ga Nakattara*, Asagohan o Tabemasen. (I I don’t have time, I don’t eat breakfast.)

* Note that negative form of the verb”Aru” is not “Aranai” but “Nai”.

(3) I-adjective

– Nami* ga Takakattara, Umi de Oyogimasen. (If the wave is high, I will not swim in the sea.)

* Nami : noun ; wave

(4) Na-adjective

– Heya ga Kirei*dattara, Souji Shimasen. (If the room is clean. I will not clean it.)

* Note that “Kirei” is not an I-adjective, but a Na-adjective.

(5) Noun

– Ashita Yasumi dattara, Kaimono ni Ikimasu. (If it’s day-off tomorrow, I will go shopping.)

The above examples have the construction below;

[Preconditional Clause] + tara, [Main Clause].

The speaker makes an assumption at the preconditional clause, and then says what he/she is going to do if the precondition happens. It is usually unclear as to probability of occurrence of the precondition. These things make a little bit of difference from tomorrow’s the exercise A3.

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This post was written with reference to the exercise A2 on Section25 of “Minna no Nihongo (2nd Edition)” published by “3A Corporation”

Japanese learning (A1 S25): Two Conjunctive Particles “-tara” and “-temo”; “-tara” is “So-Therefore” type, and “-temo” is “But-However” type;

As to conjunctive particle, we have already learned a few of them such as “-kara,” and “-to,”. Let us review a little about conjunctive particles. Suppose there are two sentences.

{Sentence1}. [Conjunctive], {Sentence2}.

Usually, you put a conjunctive at the beginning of the second sentence. Depending on the relation between the Sentence 1 and 2, there are two major types of conjunctives; One is So-Therefore type, and the other is But-However type. Of course, the Sentence1 comes first, and then you will hear or read the Sentence 2. If the sentence 2 is expected one from what the sentence 1 is saying, So-Therefore type conjunctives are used. But if the sentence 2 is unexpected one from the sentence 1, But-Therefore type conjunctives are used. This combination of two sentences with a conjunctive is also used in Japanese as shown below;

(1) Kyou wa Ame desu. Dakara, Soto ni Dekakemasen. (It’s rainy. So, I will not go outside.)

(2) Kyou wa Ame desu. Demo, Soto ni Dekakemasu. (It’s rainy. But, I will go outside.)

– Dekakeru/Dekakemasu: intransitive verb, Gr2; go outside

“Dakara” in the sentence (1) is a So-Therefore type conjunctive, and “Demo” in (2) is a But-However type. Being able to use (1) and (2) like two sentence combination is good, but it is also important to learn the following construction of one sentence consisting two clauses with “Conjunctive Particle”.

[Clause1] + [conjunctive particle], [Clause2].

Also for conjunctive particles, there are two major groups as well as conjunctives; one is So-Therefore type and But-However type.

(3) Ame ga futtara, Soto ni Dekakemasen. (If it rains, I will not go outside.)

(4) Ame ga futtemo, Soto ni Dekakemasu. (Even if it rains, I will go outside.)

The conjunctive particle “-tara,” is So-Therefore type, and “-demo,” is But-However type. Do you find “If” and “Even if” in English translations of (3) and (4)? The section 25 is for learning two conjunctive particles which make conditional clauses; “-tara,” and “-temo,”. For this purpose, the exercise 1 shows you many connections of “-tara,” and “-temo,” with verbs, I-adjectives, Na-adjectives, and Nouns.

<1> Verbs

<1>-1 Verbs + tara = [V-ta] + ra

If you are not familiar with Te-form of verb, please refer to the post:

Japanese Learning (A1 S14): How to Convert a Verb from “Masu-form” to “Te-Form”; I/Chi/Ri=>tte, Bi/Mi/Ni=>nde, Ki=>ite, Gi=>ide, Shi=>shite, and Itte is special for Group 1

It is easy to get Ta-form of a verb if you already know how to make Te-form of a verb. It’s just replacing “te” with “ta”, or “de” with “da”. Once you have got a Ta-form, then put “ra” behind of it.

<1>-2 Verbs + temo = [V-te] + mo

It is just to put “mo” behind a [Te-form].

 The following examples show you the connections of verbs and “tara” and “temo” in the order of [Masu-form], [Ta-form]+ra, and [Te-form]+mo.

Gr2 verbs

– Mimasu (see, look at, watch) — Mitara — Mitemo

– Tabemasu (eat) — Tabetara — Tabetemo

Gr3 verbs

– Kimasu (come to this side) — Kitara — Kitemo

– Ikimasu (go, come to you) — Ittara — Ittemo

Gr1-W verbs

– Tsukaimasu (use) — Tsukattara — Tsukattemo

Gr1-K

– Hatarakimasu (work) — Hataraitara — Hataraitemo

Gr1-G

– Isogimasu (hurry, hasten) — Isoidara — Isoidemo

Gr1-S

– Hanashimasu (speak, talk) — Hanashitara — Hanashitemo

Gr1-T

– Machimasu (wait) — Mattara — Mattemo

Gr1-B

– Tobimasu (fly) — Tondara — Tondemo

Gr1-M

– Nomimasu (drink) — Nondara — Nondemo

Gr1-R

– Tsukurimasu (make. cook) — Tsukuttara — Tsukuttemo

<2> I-adjectives

The following examples show you the connections of I-adjectives and “tara” and “temo” in the order of [I-adj]+desu, [I-adj]+tara, and [I-adj]+temo.

– Samui desu — Samukattara — Samukutemo

– Tanoshii desu — Tanoshikattara — Tanoshikutemo

– Ii desu — Yokattara — Yokutemo

<3> Na-adjectives

The following examples show you the connections of Na-adjectives and “tara” and “temo” in the order of [Na-adj]+desu, [Na-adj]+tara, and [Na-adj]+demo.

– Kirei desu — Kirei dattara — Kirei demo

– Suki desu — Suki dattara — Suki demo

– Kantan desu — Kantan dattara — Kantan demo

<4> Nouns

The following examples show you the connections of Nouns and “tara” and “temo” in the order of [Noun]+desu, [Noun]+dattara, and [Noun]+demo.

– Ame desu — Ame dattara — Ame demo

– Shigoto desu — Shigoto dattara — Shigoto demo

Remember that the conjunctive particle “-tara,” is used for “So-Therefore” connection to the main clause, and “-temo,” is used for “But-However” connection to the main clause.

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This post was written with reference to the exercise A1 on Section25 of “Minna no Nihongo (2nd Edition)” published by “3A Corporation”

Japanese learning (A4 S23): If a thing in Conditional Clause happens, the thing in Main Clause will happen: [Conditional Clause] to, [Main Clause].

Let us learn one of conjunctive particle “-to,”. At first, what is the difference between a conjunctive particle and a conjunction?

[ Dependent Clause ] + < Conjunctive Particle >, [ Main Clause ].

[ Sentence1 ]. <Conjunction>, [ Sentence2 ].

A conjunctive particle is attached to the end of a dependent clause, so that the main clause of a sentence can be placed after the dependent clause. The particle “to” has already introduces as a case particle as below;

– Tomodachi to Ryokou ni Ikimasu. (I am going to travel with my friend.)　— A3 S5

– Ashitano Tenki wa Yoku naranai to Omoimasu. (I don’t think weather gets good tomorrow.) — A1-3 S21

But now what we are learning is “-to,” which is a conjunctive particle. Look at the following examples;

1. Okane o Ireru to, Kippu ga Dete Kimasu. (Putting your money in, a ticket is coming out.)

2. Kono Botan o Osu to, Heya ga Akaruku Narimasu. (Pushing this button, the room gets brighter.)

3. Migi e Magaru to, Pan-ya ga Arimasu. (Turn right, then you will find a bakery.)

These sentences have the construction of;

[Clause A] + to, [Clause B].

When A happens, and then B is caused by A. In the cases of sentences 1 and 2, the machines are designed to make Action A cause Action B. Taking the action A is hypothetical, but once A happens, B will almost certainly occur. Therefore, Clause B must end assertively.

Good : Natsu ni Naru to, Atsuku Narimasu. (When summer comes, it gets hot.)

Bad : Natsu ni Naru to, Isshoni Umi e Ikimashou. (WRONG: Come summer, go to the sea together.)

A sentence using the conjunctive particle “to” should not end with expressions of will, invitation, command and so on.

This post was written with reference to the exercise A4 on Section23 of “Minna no Nihongo (2nd Edition)” published by “3A Corporation”

Japanese Learning (A1 S15): Asking Permission to do Something : “[ V-te ] mo Ii desuka”

Today’s expression also uses Te-form of verbs.

1. [Verb Clause] temo Ii desuka = [V-te] mo Ii desuka

“Ii” is an I-adjective that means “Good/Okay”. In respect of grammar, this is a construction that uses the conjunctive particle “-temo,” which connects phrases adversely. However, “-temo,” as an adverse conjunctive particle will be explained in the section 25 in comparison with a sequential conjunctive particle “-tara,”. At this time, rather than grammar things, focus on functionality of the construction of “1”. “[V-te] mo Ii desuka.” is an expression to ask someone’s permission when you want to do something. Take a look at the examples below;

2. Pasokon de Repooto o Kaitemo Ii desuka. (Is it okay to write a report with a personal computer?)

3. Kono Jisho o Tsukattemo Ii desuka. (Is it okay to use this dictionary?)

4. Koko ni Itemo Ii desuka. (Is it okay to be here?)

For those who don’t know Te-form of verbs;

Sentence 2’s “Kaite” is the Te-form of “Kaku/Kakimasu”. Nai-form is “Kakanai”. Since the vowel before “nai” of Nai-form is “a”, the verb “Kaku/Kakimasu” is of Group1. The letter before “masu” of Masu-form is “ki”. Applying;

 “i/chi/ri=>tte, bi/mi/ni=>nde, ki=>ite, gi=>ide, shi=>shite, and Itte is for Ikimasu”,

then you can get “Kaite” as the Te-form of “Kaku/Kakimasu”.

Sentence 3’s “Tsukatte” is the Te-form of “Tsukau/Tsukaimasu”. Nai-form is “Tsukawanai”. Since the vowel before “nai” of Nai-form is “a”, the verb “Tsukau/Tsukaimasu” is of Group1. The letter before “masu” of Masu-form is “i”. Applying;

 “i/chi/ri=>tte, bi/mi/ni=>nde, ki=>ite, gi=>ide, shi=>shite, and Itte is for Ikimasu”,

then you can get “Tsukatte” as the Te-form of “Tsukau/Tsukaimasu”.

Sentence 4’s “Ite” is the Te-form of “Iru/Imasu”. Nai-form is “Inai”. Since the vowel before “nai” of Nai-form is “i”, the verb “Iru/Imasu” is of Group2. Replace “masu” with “te” gives you Te-form of Group2 verbs. Then you can get “Ite” as the Te-form of “Iru/Imasu”.

This post was written with reference to the exercise A1 on Section 15 of “Minna no Nihongo (2nd Edition)” published by “3A Corporation”

Japanese Learning (A5 S09): Conjunctive Particle “-kara,” to express cause/reason; [Clause1] kara, [Clause2].

Before starting learning the issue written on the title, let us first look at answers for yesterday’s quiz.

Choose “ga” or “o”. And answer the type of verb.

1. Watashi wa Okane { ga } arimasu. (I have money.)

   Type of verb? — { Intransitive }

2. Watashi wa Okane { o } moraimasu. (I get money.)

   Type of verb? — { Transitive }

3. Watashi wa Ie { o } demasu. (I get out of my house.)

   Type of verb? — { Mobile intransitive }

4. Watashi wa Imouto { ga } imasu. (I have a younger sister.)

   Type of verb? — { Intransitive }

5. Watashi wa Imouto ni Purezento { o } agemasu. (I give a present to my younger sister.)

   Type of verb? — { Transitive }

6. Watashi wa Yuugohan { o } tabemasu. (I eat supper.)

   Type of verb? — { Transitive }

Wa-ga construction can not always applicable. Know when you can use it or when you cannot use it.

Today, we are going to learn one of “Conjunctive Particles”. Note two things below;

– By learning Conjunctive Particles, you will be able to deal with sentences that has two combinations of subject and predicate.

– It is a very much characteristic sentence structure in Japanese to connect two pairs of subject and predicate by a conjunctive particle.

As for the second point, there are “Conjunctives” also in Japanese. Look at the difference between conjunctive and conjunctive particle.

[Sentence1]. [Conjunctive], [Sentence2].

[Clause1]+conjunctive particle, [Clause2].

Today’s conjunctive particle is “-kara” which is used for telling a cause and/or reason.

[Clause1]+kara, [Clause2].

= [Subject1 + Predicate1]+kara, [Subject2 + Predicate2].

= [Cause/Reason]+kara, [Conclusion/Result].

example; Ame ga furimashitakara, Watashi wa Dekakemasendeshita. (Because it rained, I didn’t go outside.)

Sometimes a subject is untold if it is clear between the speaker and the listener. This happens clause1 or clause2 or both. The following example doesn’t tell subjects for either clause1 and clause2 (Temperature and I).

example; Samuidesukara, Ie ni imasu. (Because it is cold, I am going to stay at home.)

Practice and remember the following conversation;

A : Satou-san wa Doushite Eiga o Mimasenka. (Sato-san, why you don’t watch a movie?)

B : Watashi wa Isogashii desukara, Eiga o Mimasen. (Because I am busy, I don’t watch a movie.)

B’s clause1 has “I-adjective predicate”, which is “Isogashii desu”. The clause1 can also have “Verb predicate” like below;

B : Watashi wa Shigoto ga Arimasukara, Eiga o Mimasen. (Because I have a work to do, I don’t watch a movie.)

This post was written with reference to the exercise A5 on Section 9 of “Minna no Nihongo” published by “3A Corporation”